conspiracy theories

Right wing groups in America have long wielded disproportionate influence over political discourse, policy-making, and the judiciary — quietly but effectively steering the country toward a more authoritarian, corporate-driven agenda. Groups like the Federalist Society and Heritage Foundation operate as power brokers in the conservative ecosystem, funneling money and influence to shape not just elections, but the ideological future of the nation.

The Federalist Society, for example, has become a judicial kingmaker, successfully installing justices on the Supreme Court who subscribe to its narrow view of constitutional “originalism”—leading to landmark decisions like Dobbs v. Jackson, which rolled back reproductive rights in America. Meanwhile, Heritage’s Project 2025 serves as a blueprint for a far-right authoritarian takeover of federal agencies, ready to gut progressive reforms and install Christian nationalist ideology in their place.

But these are just a few key players in an ever-expanding web of right-wing groups. The National Rifle Association (NRA) remains a force in stoking fears around gun rights to mobilize voters, while Fox News continues to manipulate public discourse with fear-mongering and disinformation to drive its viewers further into a reactionary worldview. Behind the scenes, the Council for National Policy (CNP) operates as a shadowy network of conservative elites pulling the strings, and groups like the American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC) and Turning Point USA drive extremist policies at the state and grassroots levels.

Add to that the influence of organizations like the Family Research Council, Focus on the Family, and PragerU, and it becomes clear that right-wing power in America is deeply entrenched, feeding off the fear and division these groups systematically create. The stakes for democracy and the future of civil liberties couldn’t be higher.

One way to address the threat is to become familiar with it. Here is a cheatsheet to some of the most influential and notable right wing groups in operation today.

The Federalist Society

The Federalist Society is a powerful, right-wing legal organization that seeks to reshape the U.S. judiciary by advocating for originalism and textualism—the interpretation of the Constitution based on its supposedly “original” meaning (as interpreted by conservative judges, of course). Founded in 1982, this group has steadily gained influence by grooming conservative legal talent, promoting judges who share their philosophy, and challenging progressive legislation, with many of its members appointed to federal courts, including the Supreme Court.

Their ultimate goal is to roll back decades of civil rights protections, environmental regulations, and reproductive freedoms in favor of limited government (even ultra-limited government) and deregulated markets. Now led by conservative activist Leonard Leo, The Federalist Society’s growing clout can be seen in the success of getting their chosen justices onto the Supreme Court, paving the way for decisions like Dobbs v. Jackson, which overturned Roe v. Wade and set back reproductive rights in America by half a century. The organization’s influence has been particularly notable during Republican administrations, especially under former President Donald Trump, who appointed 3 of the Court’s 9 straight from the Federalist list.

A full two thirds of the current U.S. Supreme Court justices have been affiliated with or supported by The Federalist Society. These justices share the Society’s commitment to originalism and textualism, and many were recommended or championed by the organization during the judicial nomination process. The following 6 justices have ties to The Federalist Society:

  1. John Roberts (Chief Justice) – Although not a formal member, Roberts has participated in Federalist Society events and has been described as ideologically aligned with the group’s principles.
  2. Clarence Thomas – An advocate of originalism, Thomas has long been associated with the judicial philosophy promoted by The Federalist Society. He has spoken at their events and is widely seen as one of their intellectual leaders on the bench.
  3. Samuel Alito – Like Roberts, Alito is not a formal member but has participated in Federalist Society activities and shares their conservative judicial outlook.
  4. Neil Gorsuch – A formal member of The Federalist Society before his nomination, Gorsuch was strongly backed by the organization when he was selected to replace Antonin Scalia in 2017.
  5. Brett Kavanaugh – Kavanaugh was supported by The Federalist Society throughout his career, and his nomination to the Supreme Court in 2018 was actively promoted by the group.
  6. Amy Coney Barrett – A former member of The Federalist Society, Barrett was a professor at Notre Dame Law School, where she worked closely with the organization. She was nominated to the Supreme Court in 2020 to replace Ruth Bader Ginsburg.

The Heritage Foundation

The Heritage Foundation, founded in 1973, has long been a key architect of conservative policy in the United States. The Foundation’s efforts consistently push for policies that prioritize corporate interests, deregulation, and concentrated executive power, even at the expense of democratic institutions and processes.

Over the decades, The Heritage Foundation has become a significant force in shaping Republican legislative agendas, providing policy proposals to GOP lawmakers and conservative administrations since Ronald Reagan. However, this institutional influence has often facilitated the entrenchment of an authoritarian strain of right-wing ideology that has now metasticized into the body politic.

Heritage’s agenda has become increasingly anti-democratic in its pursuit of power. Its advocacy for dismantling federal agencies, weakening regulatory oversight, and limiting social safety nets often serves to entrench economic inequality and undermine the role of government in protecting vulnerable populations.

Furthermore, Heritage’s opposition to climate change action, LGBTQ+ rights, and healthcare reform is reflective of a broader ideological commitment to a reactionary social order. By aligning itself with powerful corporate donors and influential media allies, The Heritage Foundation plays a critical role in driving an agenda that marginalizes progressive movements and fosters an increasingly polarized political environment.

Project 2025

Project 2025, one of The Heritage Foundation’s most concerning initiatives, is emblematic of its deeper authoritarian aspirations. Framed as a “presidential transition” plan for the next conservative administration (it features Donald Trump’s name some 312 times in the document), Project 2025 offers a detailed blueprint to swiftly take control of the federal government. It is not simply a roadmap for policy but a systematic effort to capture and reshape the bureaucratic state.

The project outlines a strategy for staffing key government agencies with loyalists (and preferably sycophants), ensuring that the next administration can immediately implement an aggressive conservative agenda. This emphasis on bureaucratic control, along with Heritage’s advocacy for executive power, represents a clear threat to democratic governance and the system of checks and balances architected so carefully by the Framers.

In many ways, Project 2025 is less about policy and more about consolidating power. By installing ideologically aligned personnel across government agencies, the project seeks to neutralize resistance from career civil servants and diminish the ability of future administrations to enact progressive reforms. This long-term strategy of bureaucratic entrenchment and executive dominance is a direct challenge to democratic norms and the American principle of governance for the common good.

The Heritage Foundation, through Project 2025, reveals its broader mission: not just to win elections, but to reshape the machinery of government itself in the image of its authoritarian vision. It’s a blueprint for dismantling the administrative state and concentrating power among a select few.

National Rifle Association (NRA)

The National Rifle Association (NRA) is far more than just a gun rights advocacy group—it’s a political powerhouse that has masterfully weaponized the Second Amendment to push a broader right-wing agenda for years. With deep ties to conservative politicians and a well-oiled lobbying machine, the NRA’s influence extends far beyond the realm of firearms.

Over the decades, it has systematically reframed the gun debate as an existential battle for “freedom,” distorting the conversation around personal liberty while sidestepping the horrific realities of mass shootings and gun violence. By wrapping their cause in the flag and positioning themselves as defenders of constitutional rights, the NRA has successfully blocked nearly every attempt at even modest gun control reforms, no matter how devastating the consequences.

Behind the scenes, the NRA has also served as a financial and ideological conduit for far-right causes, aligning itself with libertarian, Christian nationalist, and white nationalist factions in the U.S. and abroad. Their messaging, amplified through donations, media campaigns, and rallies, often serves as a rallying cry for those who fear a changing demographic and cultural landscape.

In this context, the NRA’s defense of gun ownership morphs into a broader crusade against progressive ideals, becoming a tool to mobilize voters around fear, racial resentment, and conspiracy theories about government overreach. While the group’s finances and leadership have recently been rocked by scandal including the departure of longtime head Wayne LaPierre, the NRA remains a critical node in the conservative ecosystem, helping to fuel America’s increasing polarization and resistance to meaningful reform.

Fox News

Fox News has perfected the art of outrage, transforming itself from a news channel into a megaphone for right-wing populism and conservative grievance politics. More than just a media outlet, Fox has become the central nervous system of the conservative movement, shaping public discourse by peddling a mix of hyper-partisan news, conspiracy theories, and fear-based rhetoric — to resounding profits, defamation suits notwithstanding.

With personalities like Sean Hannity and former performer Tucker Carlson leading the charge, the network has managed to inflame racial, cultural, and political divisions while reinforcing a narrative of “us vs. them” that keeps its audience in a state of perpetual anger and distrust. The goal is clear: to command attention, retain viewers, and push the Overton window ever further to the right, all while raking in massive profits.

Fox News also operates as an informal arm of the Republican Party, serving as both a testing ground for policy ideas and a propaganda machine for GOP candidates. From promoting baseless claims of election fraud to downplaying public health crises like COVID-19, the network consistently distorts reality and joins in the Big Lies to fit its ideological goals.

This symbiotic relationship between Fox and conservative power brokers helps create an ecosystem where facts are malleable, and ideological loyalty trumps journalistic integrity. At the same time, its influence spreads beyond television screens, seeping into social media, right-wing radio, and political rhetoric, amplifying its impact and ensuring that its brand of populist nationalism remains deeply entrenched in American political culture.

Council for National Policy (CNP)

The Council for National Policy (CNP) is an ultra-secretive, right-wing organization that wields immense influence over conservative politics in the U.S., yet few outside the political sphere are even aware of its existence. Comprised of high-profile conservative activists, donors, media moguls, and religious leaders, the CNP acts as a behind-the-scenes power broker, shaping Republican strategy and policy far from the public eye.

Its members, who include Christian nationalists, anti-abortion activists, and climate change deniers, work to advance a deeply conservative agenda aimed at reshaping America according to their ideological vision—one where Christian values dominate public life, government regulations are gutted, and progressive social reforms are rolled back.

Operating in the shadows, the CNP is a master of political influence, often acting as the connective tissue between think tanks, media organizations, and grassroots movements (or, more likely, astroturfed movements). Its influence can be seen in the rise of candidates who espouse extremist views, the promotion of climate skepticism, and coordinated efforts to undermine voting rights and democratic norms.

The group’s meetings are closed to the public, but its fingerprints are evident in the far-right policies being enacted across state legislatures and at the federal level. While their operations remain mostly hidden, the CNP’s agenda is clear: to push America toward a future that aligns with a deeply conservative, Christian nationalist ideology, regardless of the cost to democratic institutions or the broader public good.

Right Wing Groups

In addition to the above heavyweights, a whole horde of other right-embracing organizations are out there working towards anti-democratic ends. We are actively updating this list over time, so please stay tuned for additional right wing groups research to come (or TKTK, as we say in the biz).

Active ClubSimilar to Patriot Front, Active Club emphasizes creating a white nationalist counterculture where young men are socialized into adopting the group’s racist politics. It has risen to prominence with 12 chapters as of the latest reports.
Alliance Defending Freedomformerly the Alliance Defense Fund:

Alliance Defending Freedom (ADF) is a conservative Christian legal advocacy organization founded in 1994. ADF focuses on defending religious freedom, the sanctity of life, freedom of speech, and traditional family values through litigation, legal training, and advocacy. The organization provides legal representation and support in cases related to these issues, often taking on high-profile cases that challenge laws or policies perceived as infringing on religious rights or promoting progressive social agendas. ADF has been involved in numerous significant legal battles in the United States, including cases before the Supreme Court, where it has advocated for the rights of individuals and organizations to act according to their religious beliefs. The organization is widely recognized as a leading force in the legal defense of conservative Christian values.
America First Legal FoundationOrganization connected to Trump advisors Stephen Miller and Mark Meadows, involved in both the fake electors scheme to overturn the results of the 2020 election and backing the “independent state legislature doctrine” arguments in favor of extreme partisan gerrymandering to keep GOP power concentrated in state legislatures.
America’s Frontline DoctorsAmerica’s Frontline Doctors (AFLDS) is a controversial conservative group founded in 2020 by Dr. Simone Gold, during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic. The organization gained national attention for promoting unproven and often discredited treatments for COVID-19, such as hydroxychloroquine and ivermectin, while downplaying the severity of the virus and opposing public health measures like mask mandates and vaccinations. AFLDS positioned itself as a counter-narrative to mainstream medical and scientific advice, claiming to advocate for medical freedom and patient rights. The group’s activities and messaging have been widely criticized by public health experts, medical professionals, and government agencies for spreading misinformation and contributing to vaccine hesitancy. Despite this, AFLDS has maintained a significant following among certain segments of the population that are skeptical of conventional medical advice and government interventions.
America’s FutureMike Flynn-connected org involved in both the fake electors scheme to overturn the results of the 2020 election in Donald Trump’s favor, and legal support for the “independent state legislatures doctrine” arguing for extreme state gerrymandering to concentrate state power in GOP hands.
American Conservative Union (ACU)The American Conservative Union (ACU) is a prominent conservative advocacy organization in the United States, founded in 1964. It is best known for hosting the annual Conservative Political Action Conference (CPAC), which brings together conservative activists, policymakers, and leaders to discuss and promote conservative values and policies. The ACU also engages in political lobbying, voter education, and the rating of politicians based on their adherence to conservative principles. The organization plays a significant role in shaping the conservative agenda in American politics, with a focus on issues such as limited government, free markets, individual liberties, and traditional values.
American Federation for ChildrenTax-free organization funded by Betsy DeVos that lobbies to divert funding away from public schools and to private Christian charter schools.
American Future FundThe fund describes itself as providing Americans with “a conservative and free market viewpoint” with the means to communicate and advocate on behalf of those beliefs.[7] In 2010, the fund reported over 9 million dollars of independent campaign expenditures to the Federal Election Commission, and all of its expenditures benefited Republicans.
American Heritage Girlsthe right-wing “shadow version” of the Girl Scouts, that splintered off after the organization allowed scouts to substitute for the word ‘God’ if they so chose, in the Girl Scout Promise.

AHG is a ‘Christ-centered organization’ that requires members to make statements of faith.
American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC)Along with CNP, one of two primary right-wing groups with deep funding ties over the past half century to Republican lawmakers and donors & covertly driving “local” and state legislative agenda centrally from a nationally-coordinated source that shrinks from public view and carefully shields its operations from scrutiny.
American MajorityAn organization supported by the Uihleins that provides training to conservative activists.
American Phoenix ProjectAccording to the indictment, Hostetter founded a group in 2020 called the American Phoenix Project that protested restrictions on public gatherings imposed as a public health measure during the COVID-19 pandemic. That group became a platform to advocate violence against government leaders, according to the indictment.
American Principles Projecta right-wing anti-abortion and anti-free elections think tank
Americans for ProsperityAs the Koch brothers’ primary political advocacy group, it is one of the most influential American conservative organizations.
Americas PACAnother closely-tied super PAC, Americas PAC, received $1 million from Restoration Action and about $1.4 million from Restoration PAC in 2021. During the 2020 cycle, Americas PAC was funded mostly by Uihlein’s $2.35 million in contributions. During the following cycle, its funding shifted from Uihlein to Restoration PAC and Restoration Action, effectively adding an extra layer of insulation between Uihlein and the super PAC.
Arlington GroupThe Arlington Group is a coalition of influential conservative Christian leaders and organizations in the United States, formed in 2002. The group focuses on coordinating strategies to influence public policy and elections in favor of conservative, often evangelical Christian, values. Members of the Arlington Group include leaders from various Christian advocacy organizations, think tanks, and political action committees. The coalition primarily addresses issues such as opposition to abortion, the defense of traditional marriage, and the promotion of religious freedom. The Arlington Group is known for its behind-the-scenes efforts to shape Republican Party platforms and support candidates who align with its values, playing a significant role in the broader conservative movement in America.
Aryan NationsAryan Nations is a white supremacist, neo-Nazi organization founded in the 1970s. It has been involved in promoting white nationalism and has a history of criminal activity and violence.
Big Oil: oil and gas industrynatural habitat for Dominionist theology:
* Texas
* Louisiana
* Kansas
* Oklahoma
California Family CouncilThe California Family Council (CFC) is a conservative Christian organization dedicated to promoting and defending traditional family values in California. Founded in 2003, CFC works to influence public policy and legislation from a biblical perspective, focusing on issues such as opposition to abortion, the defense of traditional marriage, and the promotion of religious freedom. The organization engages in grassroots advocacy, public education, and lobbying efforts, aiming to shape state laws and cultural attitudes in line with its conservative Christian beliefs. CFC also collaborates with other like-minded organizations to amplify its impact on California’s social and political landscape.
Center for Renewing AmericaChristian nationalist organization led by Russell Vought, with a focus on “combating” Critical Race Theory:

Vought sees his and his organization’s mission as “renew[ing] a consensus of America as a nation under God,” per a statement on CRA’s website, and reshaping the government’s contract with the governed. Freedom of religion would remain a protected right, but Vought and his ideological brethren would not shy from using their administration positions to promote Christian doctrine and imbue public policy with it, according to both people familiar with the matter, granted anonymity to avoid retaliation. He makes clear reference to human rights being defined by God, not man.

America should be recognized as a Christian nation “where our rights and duties are understood to come from God,” Vought wrote two years ago in Newsweek.

via https://www.politico.com/news/2024/02/20/donald-trump-allies-christian-nationalism-00142086
Christian CoalitionLong battles over its tax status as well as struggles with the Federal Election Commission over illegal campaign contributions led to the decline of this once giant of the right, founded by 1988 presidential candidate Pat Robertson in the lineage and tradition of Jerry Falwell’s Moral Majority in the 1970s.
Christian VoiceChristian Voice was a conservative Christian advocacy group founded in 1978 in the United States. It was one of the first organizations to mobilize evangelical Christians for political activism, aiming to influence public policy and elections in alignment with conservative Christian values. Christian Voice focused on issues such as opposition to abortion, support for traditional family values, and promoting prayer in public schools. The organization was known for its “Moral Report Card,” which graded politicians based on their voting records on key issues important to conservative Christians. Christian Voice played a pioneering role in the rise of the religious right as a political force in America during the late 20th century, setting the stage for later organizations like the Moral Majority. While its influence waned over time, Christian Voice was significant in shaping the early Christian conservative movement in U.S. politics.
Church UnitedChurch United is a conservative Christian organization that seeks to equip and mobilize pastors and church leaders to engage in cultural and political issues from a biblical perspective. Founded in California, the organization focuses on influencing public policy, particularly in areas related to religious freedom, pro-life advocacy, and traditional family values. Church United encourages clergy to take active roles in their communities and the political process, aiming to bridge the gap between the church and government. The organization conducts training sessions, provides resources, and facilitates connections among pastors to unify their efforts in shaping societal norms and legislation according to Christian principles.
Citizens for the EnvironmentSister organization to the CSE (Citizens for a Sound Economy) Koch-funded operation that called acid rain and other environmental problems “myths”
Citizens of the American Republicone of Steve Bannon’s organizations
Club for Growth ActionAn anti-tax, anti-government spending, pro-free market ideology super PAC and sister organization to the Club for Growth PAC, founded by Harlan Crow et al.
Committee for the Free WorldA neocon anti-Communist think tank is the U.S. from 1981 until 1989.

Members included: Donald Rumsfeld, Tom Stoppard, George Will.

Potential involvement with the CIA.
Concerned Women for AmericaFounded 1979 by Beverly LaHaye, wife of End Times religious fiction author Timothy LaHaye.
Congressional Leadership FundThe GOP’s main super PAC dedicated to electing House Republicans.
Conservative Partnership InstituteThe Conservative Partnership Institute describes itself as “a home base and a networking hub for conservatives here in Washington” that helps associates “build the relationships and gain the education and training necessary to thrive in an environment that too often strips you of your resolve.”
Constitutional Sheriffs and Peace Officers Association (CSPOA)their website claims that the power of any local sheriff is greater than the power of the President — which would be astonishing news to foreign leaders around the world
Convention of StatesExtreme right-wing group seeking to rewrite the Constitution
Council for National Policy (CNP)Founded 1981 by Paul Weyrich, Arch-Demon of the New Right, and Tim LaHaye, who wrote a series of wildly popular novels about the Rapture
Council of Conservative Citizens (CCC)SCOTUS Justice Thurgood Marshall once referred to the group as the “uptown Klan”; today, they push the Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory of William S. Lind and Paul Weyrich — famously, they radicalized Dylann Roof who went on to murder 9 people in the AME Baptist Church
Cowboys for TrumpCowboys for Trump is a political organization founded in 2019 by Otero County Commissioner Couy Griffin in New Mexico. The group was established to support Donald Trump’s presidency and promote his policies, particularly in rural and Western communities. Known for their distinctive horseback rides to show support for Trump, Cowboys for Trump advocates for conservative values such as limited government, Second Amendment rights, and border security. The organization has garnered attention for its outspoken and often controversial positions, reflecting a strong alignment with the broader MAGA movement and grassroots conservative activism.
Edgar and Elsa Prince FoundationRight-wing foundation that has donated about $70 million to Christian nationalist causes between 2000 and 2014.
Fair Missourianti-democracy PAC in MO
Faith & Freedom CoalitionThe Faith & Freedom Coalition is a conservative Christian political advocacy organization founded in 2009 by Ralph Reed, a veteran political strategist and former executive director of the Christian Coalition. The organization aims to mobilize evangelical Christians and other socially conservative voters to influence public policy and elections in the United States. The Faith & Freedom Coalition focuses on promoting traditional family values, religious freedom, pro-life policies, and limited government. It engages in grassroots organizing, voter education, and lobbying efforts to advance its agenda, particularly within the Republican Party. The coalition is known for its significant influence in mobilizing evangelical voters, playing a key role in the success of conservative candidates and causes at both the state and national levels.
fake electorsOne of the many arms of Donald Trump’s attempts to overturn the results of the 2020 election in order to stay in power against the will of the people, the fake electors scheme involved convincing state legislators to fabricate a new slate of Republican electors for the Electoral College vote — in defiance of their own state Constitutions and basic democratic values.
Family America ProjectThe Family America Project is a conservative organization that focuses on promoting traditional family values, patriotism, and civic engagement within American society. The group advocates for policies and initiatives that support the nuclear family structure, religious freedom, and education that aligns with conservative principles. Through various campaigns, events, and outreach efforts, the Family America Project seeks to influence public discourse and policy, aiming to strengthen the role of the family as a foundational institution in the United States. The organization is part of a broader movement that emphasizes the importance of cultural and moral values in shaping the nation’s future.
Federalist SocietyAn organization of lawyers led by Leonard Leo, dedicated to rolling back legal precedents set during the post-WWII era. They essentially control the list of SCOTUS nominees for Republican Presidents.
Focus on the FamilyFocus on the Family is a conservative Christian organization founded in 1977 by psychologist James Dobson. Based in Colorado Springs, Colorado, the organization advocates for traditional family values and promotes a Christian worldview through various media channels, including radio broadcasts, publications, and online content. Focus on the Family is particularly known for its opposition to LGBTQ+ rights, abortion, and same-sex marriage, while it supports homeschooling and abstinence-only education. The organization has significant influence in American conservative circles and often engages in political lobbying to advance its religious and social agenda.
Foundation for Economic Education (FEE)The Foundation for Economic Education (FEE) is one of the oldest free-market think tanks in the United States, founded in 1946 by Leonard E. Read. Based in Atlanta, Georgia, FEE is dedicated to promoting principles of individual liberty, free markets, limited government, and entrepreneurship. The organization provides educational resources, including articles, books, seminars, and online courses, aimed primarily at young people and educators to foster a deeper understanding of economics and classical liberalism. FEE’s work is grounded in the belief that economic freedom and personal responsibility are the foundations of a prosperous society. Over the years, FEE has played a significant role in the dissemination of free-market ideas, influencing generations of economists, policymakers, and business leaders who advocate for libertarian and conservative economic policies.
Foundation for Government AccountabilityThe Foundation for Government Accountability, a conservative think tank that has advocated for loosening child labor protections in certain states, is another major recipient of Uihlein money. The family foundation has given the Foundation for Government Accountability nearly $18 million since 2013, with its largest donation reported in its most recent tax return. In 2021, the family foundation gave FGA $3.6 million, making them FGA’s largest beneficiary that year.
Freedom PartnersKoch network group
Freedom SchoolFree market ideology school that teaches the Robber Barons were heroes and the Gilded Age was when American Was Great Again.
Freedom to Workanti-democracy PAC in Missouri
Generals InternationalDominionist religious group affiliated with the New Apostolic Reformation (NAR)
GOPACThe Republican state and local training organization.
GroypersNamed after the Pepe the Frog meme embraced by the alt-Right, the Groypers are an extremist group seeking to inject their ideologies into the mainstream conservative right-wing movement.
Healing Tree International501(c)(3) non-profit organization affiliated with the New Apostolic Reformation movement.
Heartland Apostolic Prayer NetworkThe Heartland Apostolic Prayer Network (HAPN) is a Christian intercessory prayer movement founded by John Benefiel. It is part of a larger network of prayer groups and ministries that focus on spiritual warfare, prophetic intercession, and the belief in transforming nations through prayer. HAPN operates with the goal of mobilizing believers to pray for the removal of what they view as spiritual strongholds over regions, including addressing issues such as abortion, government policies, and cultural practices. The organization emphasizes a biblical worldview and often engages in activities aimed at influencing both spiritual and political realms in the United States and beyond.
Heartland InstituteThe Heartland Institute is a conservative and libertarian public policy think tank founded in 1984 and based in Illinois. The organization is known for its strong advocacy of free-market principles and limited government intervention. The Heartland Institute is particularly prominent for its work in areas such as environmental policy, healthcare, education, and taxation. It has gained significant attention and controversy for its skepticism of mainstream climate science, particularly its opposition to policies aimed at addressing climate change, and for promoting the idea that human activity is not a significant driver of global warming. The Heartland Institute publishes research, hosts conferences, and engages in advocacy efforts to influence public policy and opinion in line with its ideological positions. The organization is a key player in the network of conservative think tanks and advocacy groups in the United States.
Heritage FoundationThink tank founded by Paul Weyrich as a counterweight to the Brookings Institute and other liberal think tanks, with major funding from beer magnate Joseph Coors and Mellon oligarch Richard Scaife.

Sponsors have included:
* Amoco
* Amway
* Boeing
* Chase
* Chevron
* Dow Chemical
* Exxon
* General Electric
* General Motors
* Mesa Petroleum
* Mobile Oil
* Pfizer
* Philip Morris
* Procter & Gamble
* R. J. Reynolds
* Searle
* Sears
* Roebuck
* SmithKline Beckman
* Union Carbode
* Union Pacific
Honest Elections ProjectThe Honest Elections Project is a conservative advocacy organization focused on so-called “election integrity” and voting laws in the United States. Launched in 2020, the group advocates for stricter voter identification laws, purging voter rolls of ineligible voters, and opposing efforts to expand mail-in voting and same-day voter registration. The Honest Elections Project argues that these measures are necessary to prevent voter fraud and ensure the security of elections, although critics contend that such efforts can suppress voter turnout, particularly among minority and low-income communities. The organization is part of a broader network of conservative groups that have increasingly focused on election-related issues, particularly in the aftermath of the 2020 U.S. presidential election.
Identity EvropaA white supremacist group known for its role in the Charlottesville “Unite the Right” rally — that has since “rebranded” as the American Identity Movement.
Institute for Legislative Action (NRA-ILA)lobbying arm of the NRA, started in 1975
International Coalition of Apostolic Leaders (ICAL)The International Coalition of Apostolic Leaders (ICAL), one of several organizations affiliated with the New Apostolic Reformation (NAR) — along with the US Coalition of Apostolic Leaders (USCAL), its US-based subgroup.
John M. Olin Foundationit was one of the largest “intellectual right” funders before its closing
Judicial WatchOrganization founded by Richard Mellon Scaife that used dark money to go after the Clintons since the 1990s. Part of the “vast right-wing conspiracy” that Hillary accurately described during the 2016 presidential campaign she so tragically lost to a boorish fake billionaire who cares for nothing and no one but himself.
Ku Klux Klan (KKK)Historically one of the most infamous white supremacist groups in the US.
Lynde and Harry Bradley FoundationRight-wing foundation that has donated to the CNP, ALEC, Claremonth Institute and John Eastman, the Heritage Foundation, and the Public Interest Legal Foundation chaired by Cleta Mitchell.
MAGA Inc.Predominant Trump SuperPAC.

MAGA Inc. has become the leading super PAC supporting Donald Trump. It was established before the 2022 midterm elections with an initial funding of $60 million, transferred from Save America, Trump’s leadership PAC. Over the past year, MAGA Inc. has spent considerable amounts to undermine two of Trump’s 2024 competitors: Florida Governor Ron DeSantis and former UN Ambassador Nikki Haley. DeSantis withdrew from the Republican primary last week.

In the first half of 2023, the super PAC refunded $12.5 million back to Save America, which has been primarily responsible for covering Trump’s legal expenses.

The organization was founded by Taylor Budowich, a former adviser to Trump, who serves as its CEO. It is also supported by veteran Trump pollster and strategist Tony Fabrizio, with Meredith O’Rouke handling fundraising efforts.
Mighty I AM movementCultish right-wing “self-actualization” group headed by Robert LeFevre in the 1930s, alongside the rise of fascism in the US
National Alliance (NA)At one time a premier neo-Nazi group in the U.S., founded by William Pierce, author of the white supremacist fascist fantasy novel The Turner Diaries
National Policy InstituteThis think tank based in Augusta, Georgia, describes itself as the right’s answer to the Southern Poverty Law Center and is known for promoting white nationalist views.
National Right to Life CommitteeThe National Right to Life Committee (NRLC) is the oldest and one of the largest pro-life organizations in the United States, founded in 1968. The NRLC is dedicated to advocating against abortion, euthanasia, assisted suicide, and other practices it considers to be threats to human life. The organization operates through a network of state affiliates and local chapters, engaging in public education, lobbying, and political action to influence legislation and public opinion. The NRLC also plays a key role in endorsing and supporting pro-life candidates for public office, aiming to advance its agenda at both the state and federal levels. With its long history and broad reach, the NRLC is a significant force in the American pro-life movement.
National Socialist MovementOne of the largest neo-Nazi groups in the US.

Founded in 1974, this party has been very active since 2005, staging many marches and demonstrations.
neo-NazisThese groups include various organizations that idolize Nazi Germany and embrace anti-Semitic ideologies.
Oath Keepersformed in 2009, the organization actively recruits active-duty military, veterans, and members of law enforcement.

from SPLC:
Although Rhodes likes to claim that the Oath Keepers is a nonpartisan organization, Donald Trump’s inauguration marked the first trip the Oath Keepers would take to Washington, D.C., in support of the Trump administration. In January 2017, Rhodes launched what he called “Operation DefendJ20,” a coordinated effort by Oath Keepers, Three Percenters and the far-right Bikers for Trump group, to descend on the Capitol under the guise of protecting peaceful “American patriots” from supposed “radical leftist groups.”
Opportunities Solutions ProjectLobbying arm of the Uihlein-supported Foundation for Government Accountability, a conservative think tank that has lobbied against child labor laws and attacks direct democracy initiatives like referendums at the state level.
Patriot Front“Patriot Front” and the “bloodandsoil.org” website are the brainchild of a cluster of Texas-based neo-Nazis who created their new entity — a blend of traditional white-supremacist ideology, alt-right sensibilities and activism, and militia-style armed insurrection — as a result of internecine quarreling within their original organization, Vanguard America (VA), in Charlottesville, Virginia, this summer, when one of their marchers drove a car into a crowd of counter-protesters, killing one and maiming 19.
Patriot Mobile ActionPAC for Patriot Mobile, the conservative Christian cellphone company, used to funnel the money for taking over 4 Texas school boards.
Plants Need CO2Front group for the lobbying arm of oil magnate Corbin Robertson Jr.
Proud Boysself-described “Western chauvinists”
Public Interest Legal FoundationA Cleta Mitchell and Bradley Foundation enterprise to sow doubt about the 2020 election — and one conspicuously notable director: John Eastman of the infamous Eastman Memo from Jan 6
Republican Study Committee (RSC)The largest ideological caucus in Congress has an extreme right-wing platform — which is saying something in this climate of right-wing extremity. They believe the following:

The RSC’s key legislative initiatives are detailed in the American Taxpayer Bill of Rights,[6] unveiled in March 2007.[4]

Taxpayers have a right to have a federal government that does not grow beyond their ability to pay for it.
Taxpayers have a right to receive back each dollar that they entrust to the government for their retirement.
Taxpayers have a right to expect the government to balance the budget without having their taxes raised.
Taxpayers have a right to a simple, fair tax code that they can understand.
Restoration ActionRestoration Action, the dark money group affiliated with Restoration PAC, a super PAC funded largely by Richard Uihlein, took in over $20.5 million in revenue 2021, nearly double the $10.4 million it brought in the prior year, according to tax records for the organization. The group’s 2022 fundraising haul was more than 300 times as much as the roughly $64,000 it brought in over the course of 2019 and 51 times the highest revenue recorded any prior year.

Unlike super PACs, which are legally required to report its donors to the Federal Election Commission, Restoration Action is a 501(c)(4) nonprofit that keeps its donors’ identities secret from the public.
Restoring Integrity and Trust in ElectionsBill Barr-associated organization involved in the fake electors scheme to overturn the 2020 election results in favor of Trump, and a proponent of the “independent state legislature doctrine” pushing extreme gerrymandering as a tactic for right-wing statehouse control.
Richard and Helen DeVos Family Foundationdonated about $100 million to Christian nationalist causes between 2000 and 2014
Rutherford InstituteA conservative Christian public interest law firm (non-profit) working in the interest of religious liberties.
SAGE ConsSpiritually Active, Governmentally Engaged Conservative Christians — mostly older white Protestants in Middle America. They revere the past and fear the future.
Schafly EaglesFounded 1972
Seasteading InstituteA 501(c)(3) non-profit organization and think tank devoted to the study of autonomous floating seafaring communities outside the reach of national governments, founded and funded by tech billionaire Peter Thiel.
Senate Judiciary CommitteeSenator from South Carolina who ran for President in 2016 but dropped out before the Republican primaries began.

Known for being a Trump sycophant and a closet queer.
Smith Richardson FoundationThe Smith Richardson Foundation is a private philanthropic foundation established in 1935 by H. Smith Richardson, the founder of the Vicks Chemical Company. The foundation is dedicated to supporting public policy research and projects that advance the long-term interests of the United States, particularly in areas related to national security, foreign policy, and domestic public policy. It funds a wide range of research initiatives, think tanks, and policy institutes, with a focus on promoting effective governance, economic growth, and American leadership in the world. The Smith Richardson Foundation is known for its support of conservative and neoconservative scholars and institutions, though it also funds research across the political spectrum. Its grants have played a significant role in shaping U.S. policy debates on critical issues both domestically and internationally.
Southern Baptistsdemanded increased “religious freedom” to grow their political influence, by maximizing benefits to the church as a tax-exempt power base
Students for Life“Abortion is discrimination based on their age”
Students for TrumpStudents for Trump is a grassroots political organization founded in 2015 by college students in support of Donald Trump’s presidential campaign. The group quickly gained momentum on college campuses across the United States, mobilizing young voters and organizing rallies to advocate for Trump’s policies and campaign. After Trump’s election, Students for Trump continued to operate as a prominent youth-driven movement within the broader MAGA (Make America Great Again) coalition, focusing on promoting conservative values, engaging in political activism, and supporting Republican candidates who align with Trump’s agenda. The organization plays a key role in energizing and mobilizing young conservative voters.
Susan B. Anthony Lista right-wing anti-abortion and anti-free elections org
Tea PartyThe Tea Party movement was an American fiscally conservative political movement within the Republican Party. Members of the movement called for lower taxes and for a reduction of the national debt and federal budget deficit through decreased government spending.[1][2] The movement supported small-government principles[3][4] and opposed government-sponsored universal healthcare.[5] The Tea Party movement has been described as a popular constitutional movement[6] composed of a mixture of libertarian,[7] right-wing populist,[8] and conservative activism.[9] It has sponsored multiple protests and supported various political candidates since 2009.[10][11][12] According to the American Enterprise Institute, various polls in 2013 estimated that slightly over 10% of Americans identified as part of the movement.
Tea Party PatriotsDuring the 2020 election cycle, Richard Uihlein was the top donor to the Tea Party Patriots super PAC and has given the operation at least $4.29 million since the 2016 election.
The American LegionVeterans’ organization founded in 1919, funded in part by J.P. Morgan. Engaged in union-busting and anti-New Deal activities.
The Club for GrowthThe Club for Growth is a conservative 501(c)(4) organization based in Washington, D.C. that advocates for policies focused on cutting taxes, limited government, and “economic freedom.”

It was founded in 1999 by Harlan Crow, Stephen Moore, Thomas L. ‘Dusty’ Rhodes, and Richard Gilder with the stated mission of “promoting public policies that promote economic growth, lower taxes, and limited government”

The Club for Growth has two affiliated political arms – the Club for Growth PAC (a traditional PAC) and Club for Growth Action (a super PAC formed in 2010)

The PAC endorses and raises money for fiscally conservative candidates, while the super PAC runs independent expenditure campaigns supporting or opposing candidates based on their stance on economic issues

Over the years, the Club for Growth and its political arms have spent millions opposing Republican incumbents they view as insufficiently conservative on economic issues, as well as supporting challengers aligned with their free-market, anti-tax agenda

The organization was initially skeptical of Donald Trump’s candidacy in 2016 and spent millions on ads attacking his economic policies before eventually supporting him in the general election against Hillary Clinton

The Club for Growth’s current president is David McIntosh, who has led the organization since the early 2000s
The Covenant, The Sword, and the Arm of the LordA far-right paramilitary organization affiliated with the Christian Identity movement of the 1970s and 80s. The groups dissolved in 1985 after a law enforcement siege of their Arkansas compound dubbed “The Farm” and subsequent arrest and conviction of leadership for weapons violations and domestic terrorism.
The Hoover InstitutionRight-wing think tank
The Leadership InstituteClaimed in a 2018 YouTube promo video by Mike Pence that the organization had trained 185,000 activists, operatives, and elected officials since forming in 1979 under Morton Blackwell, Paul Weyrich, and Richard Viguerie.
The Moral MajorityThe Moral Majority, a prominent political organization founded in 1979 by Jerry Falwell, was a key player in the rise of the Religious Right in the United States. It was primarily focused on promoting conservative social values and had strong connections with several groups and constituencies.
The Sarah Scaife FoundationThe Sarah Scaife Foundation is a prominent American philanthropic organization known for its support of conservative and libertarian causes. Established by the Scaife family, which has a long history of influence in conservative circles, the foundation primarily funds think tanks, policy institutes, and advocacy groups that promote free-market principles, limited government, and traditional values. The foundation is one of several Scaife family foundations that have played a significant role in shaping conservative thought and policy in the United States, particularly through its financial backing of influential organizations like The Heritage Foundation, the American Enterprise Institute, and the Cato Institute. The Sarah Scaife Foundation’s contributions have been instrumental in advancing the conservative agenda across various domains, including economics, foreign policy, and social issues.
The State Policy Networka “mini-Heritage Foundation in each state”
The Supreme Court (SCOTUS)Highest court in the land (yet curiously, the only one without an official ethical standard)
Three PercentersFounded in 2008, the Three Percenters is a loosely organized anti-government group that takes its name from the idea that only 3% of American colonists took up arms against the British in the 18th century American Revolution.
True Texas ProjectPatriot Mobile-aligned group in Texas that has been labeled an anti-government extremist group by the SPLC.
TrumPACAs of February 2016, Amy Kremer was the chair of TrumPAC, a super PAC supporting Donald Trump’s campaign in the 2016 presidential election.[17] TrumPAC later changed its name to Great America PAC.[18] Great America PAC was founded by Kremer and William Doddridge, the CEO of The Jewelry Exchange.[19] Kremer resigned from Great America PAC in May 2016, shortly after Trump became the presumptive Republican presidential nominee, due to decisions which she claimed had been made without her input.[20]
Turning Point USATargets kids and young adults for far right radicalization: https://twitter.com/jennycohn1/status/1463759054212198400
United Daughters of the ConfederacyThe United Daughters of the Confederacy (UDC) is an American lineage society that was founded in 1894 to commemorate Confederate soldiers and to promote the “Lost Cause” narrative of the American Civil War. Over time, the UDC has been associated with several groups and organizations, either directly or through shared goals, such as memorializing the Confederacy or promoting similar historical interpretations.
US Coalition of Apostolic Leaders (USCAL)The US subgroup of the International Coalition of Apostolic Leaders (ICAL), one of several organizations affiliated with the New Apostolic Reformation (NAR)
US Council for World FreedomThe U.S. Council for World Freedom (USCWF) was the American chapter of the World Anti-Communist League (WACL), founded in 1981 by Major General John K. Singlaub, a retired U.S. Army officer and staunch anti-communist. The organization aimed to combat global communism by supporting anti-communist movements, particularly in Latin America, Asia, and Africa, through advocacy, funding, and coordination with other like-minded groups. The USCWF was involved in controversial activities, including providing support to paramilitary groups and other organizations fighting against leftist governments and movements during the Cold War. While its supporters viewed it as a necessary force against the spread of communism, critics accused it of aligning with authoritarian regimes and engaging in unethical practices. The USCWF was part of the broader network of organizations associated with WACL and played a significant role in the international anti-communist movement during the 1980s.
Vision Forum MinistriesNow defunct Evangelical organization in TX
We Build the Wall, IncNon-profit organization founded by Steve Bannon et al, indicted in New York state on multiple counts of fraud and conspiracy for using the fundraised proceeds to enrich themselves.
World Anti-Communist LeagueThe World Anti-Communist League (WACL) was an international coalition of anti-communist organizations and individuals, founded in 1966. The organization brought together a diverse range of members, including political leaders, military officials, and activists from various countries, united by their opposition to communism and Marxist ideologies. WACL played a significant role during the Cold War, supporting anti-communist movements and governments around the world through advocacy, networking, and sometimes covert operations. The league was controversial due to its alliances with far-right and authoritarian figures, as well as its involvement in efforts to undermine communist influence in Latin America, Asia, and other regions. Over time, WACL evolved and eventually rebranded as the World League for Freedom and Democracy in the 1990s, continuing its mission with a broader focus on promoting democracy and human rights.
World Congress of Families (WCF)Already oriented towards Russia by 2011! Held the bulk of its meetings there.

The growing influence of these right-wing organizations underscores a sobering reality: the American political landscape is being quietly reshaped by a network of well-funded, ideologically-driven groups working to erode democratic norms and concentrate power. From the judiciary to the media, their coordinated efforts are pushing the country towards an increasingly authoritarian and corporate-dominated future. These groups feed on fear and division, capitalizing on cultural and political grievances to drive their agenda forward.

Yet, awareness is the first step toward resistance. Understanding the scope and strategy of these organizations allows us to recognize the long-term threats they pose to civil liberties, environmental protections, and the social safety net. As citizens, it is crucial to remain vigilant, informed, and engaged in the defense of democratic principles. The fight for the future of American democracy is far from over, and the stakes could not be higher.

Here’s how to volunteer, if you’re brave enough to answer the call.

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I was lucky enough to be one of the first professional tech bloggers, still work in digital media, and avidly keep up with the technology sector as well as enjoy writing personal and experimental stuff on my blog(s). I’ve been an activist since my college years, and since 2015 have been pretty intensely into politics.

An academic by temperament, I research various topics at depth as a “serious amateur.” For the past 9 years I’ve been studying fascism, authoritarianism, narcissism, cults, disinformation, conspiracy theories, dark money, and Christian nationalism — many of which share intersection points. My love of information management helps juggle multiple projects and see the connections between topics worth taking a closer look at.

Inspiration

I am motivated by some of the old school values of the internet — towards openness, democratization of information, shining light into dark spaces, giving a voice to the people beyond the gatekeepers of major media, and more. It’s lost a fair amount of that spirit now in the corporate scrum to own its vast landscapes, but it can still be found here and there — and I hope to offer another little output on the stormy seas for those who wander and wish to not feel lost.

Ethics

I don’t take any sponsorship money for the site. I monetize (for a whopping trivial amount) through affiliate links to books — the kind of “product” I can get behind recommending strongly to people. If you click on my book links and end up ordering something from Amazon, it helps me out. So please feel free to do so, but not obligated.

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In half a decade we’ve gone from Jeb Bush making a serious run for president to Marjorie Taylor Greene running unopposed and winning a House seat in Georgia. QAnon came seemingly out of nowhere, but taps into a much deeper and older series of conspiracy theories that have surfaced, resurfaced, and been remixed throughout time.

Why do people believe in conspiracy theories? In an increasingly complex world of information bombarding us as blinding speed and high volume, the cognitive appeal of easy answers and turnkey “community” may be much stronger than ever before.

List of conspiracy theory books

It’s a deep topic so we’d best get started. If you’ve got an urgent issue with a friend or loved one, start here:

Best for deprogramming a friend:

Escaping the Rabbit Hole: How to Debunk Conspiracy Theories Using Facts, Logic, and Respect — Mick West

More conspiracy theory books:

Richard Hofstadter’s Anti-Intellectualism in American Life is a sharp exploration of the recurring tension between intellectualism and populism in the United States. Hofstadter traces the roots of American anti-intellectualism, revealing how a distrust of intellectual elites has been woven into the fabric of American culture, often tied to religious fervor, educational systems, and political movements. He argues that this skepticism towards intellectuals has influenced public policy and shaped national identity, creating a persistent undercurrent that challenges the value of critical thinking and expertise in the public sphere. Through historical analysis, Hofstadter illuminates how this strain of thought has impacted American democracy, often in ways that prioritize emotional appeal over reasoned discourse.

Kurt Andersen’s Fantasyland: How America Went Haywire: A 500-Year History offers a sweeping narrative that traces America’s propensity for embracing fantastical thinking from the earliest settlers to the present day. Andersen argues that the American tendency to blur the lines between reality and fantasy has deep historical roots, driven by a unique blend of religious zeal, entrepreneurial spirit, and cultural escapism. He explores how this inclination has shaped everything from politics to entertainment, resulting in a culture where conspiracy theories, pseudoscience, and magical thinking thrive. Through sharp analysis and a broad historical lens, Andersen paints a vivid picture of how America’s love affair with fantasy has led to the current era of “alternative facts” and widespread distrust of objective truth.

Lee McIntyre’s On Disinformation: How to Fight for Truth and Protect Democracy is a concise yet powerful examination of the threat disinformation poses to truth and democratic values. McIntyre explores the origins and tactics of disinformation campaigns, revealing how they exploit cognitive biases and social media to sow confusion and distrust. He emphasizes that disinformation is not just a byproduct of misinformation but a deliberate weapon used to undermine public discourse and erode the foundations of democracy. The book provides a call to action, urging individuals and institutions to become vigilant defenders of truth through critical thinking, media literacy, and active resistance against the forces of disinformation. With a clear-eyed approach, McIntyre offers practical strategies for combating this growing menace in a time when truth itself is under siege.

Mia Bloom and Sophia Moskalenko’s Pastels and Pedophiles: Inside the Mind of QAnon delves into the disturbing world of QAnon, unraveling the psychological and social dynamics that fuel its growth. The authors explore how this conspiracy theory, with its bizarre blend of pastel aesthetics and lurid allegations of pedophilia, has captivated a diverse array of followers. Bloom and Moskalenko dissect the movement’s appeal, showing how it taps into deep-seated fears, identity politics, and a longing for community in a time of uncertainty. They reveal the real-world consequences of QAnon’s spread, from fractured families to violent extremism, and highlight the challenges of deprogramming those ensnared by its false narratives. Through rigorous analysis and empathetic insight, the book offers a critical look at how conspiracy theories like QAnon thrive in a polarized society and the urgent need to address their dangerous influence.

Anna Merlan’s Republic of Lies: American Conspiracy Theorists and Their Surprising Rise to Power is an incisive exploration of the burgeoning influence of conspiracy theories in American life. Merlan takes readers on a journey through the diverse and often troubling world of conspiracy believers, from UFO enthusiasts to anti-vaxxers, exposing the cultural and political forces that have propelled these fringe ideas into the mainstream. She delves into how conspiracy theories have gained traction across the political spectrum, fueled by distrust in institutions and amplified by the internet’s echo chambers. With a keen eye for detail and a compassionate approach, Merlan uncovers the real-world impact of these theories, from shaping political movements to influencing national discourse. The book serves as a wake-up call to the power of misinformation and the urgent need to understand and counter the spread of dangerous ideologies in an increasingly fractured society.

Rob Brotherton’s Suspicious Minds: Why We Believe Conspiracy Theories delves into the psychology behind why conspiracy theories are so compelling and why they persist in human societies. Brotherton examines the cognitive biases and psychological tendencies that make us prone to seeing patterns, connecting dots, and doubting official narratives, even when evidence is lacking. He explores the historical and cultural contexts that have given rise to various conspiracy theories, showing how they tap into deep-seated fears and uncertainties. By blending psychology with history, Brotherton provides a nuanced understanding of why conspiracy theories are not just fringe beliefs but a fundamental part of human thinking. The book challenges readers to recognize their own susceptibility to conspiratorial thinking and emphasizes the importance of critical thinking in a world where misinformation can easily take root.

Gustave Le Bon’s The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind is a pioneering work in social psychology that examines the behavior of crowds and the psychological mechanisms that drive collective action. Le Bon argues that individuals, when part of a crowd, lose their sense of individual responsibility and rationality, becoming susceptible to emotional contagion and impulsive behavior. He explores how crowds can be swayed by charismatic leaders, simplistic ideas, and the power of suggestion, often leading to irrational and sometimes destructive outcomes. Le Bon’s analysis extends to the ways in which crowds influence politics, culture, and social movements, offering insights into the dynamics of mass psychology that remain relevant today. His work lays the foundation for understanding how public opinion can be manipulated and how groupthink can override reason, making it a fascinating text for anyone interested in the psychology of collective behavior.

Eric Hoffer’s The True Believer: Thoughts on the Nature of Mass Movements is a profound exploration of the psychological and social forces that drive individuals to join and commit to mass movements. Hoffer examines the appeal of these movements to the “true believer,” a person often disillusioned with their current life and seeking purpose through collective identity. He argues that mass movements, whether religious, political, or social, provide a sense of belonging and certainty by offering simple, absolute answers to complex problems. Hoffer delves into the dynamics of fanaticism, showing how movements attract followers who are willing to sacrifice their individuality for the cause. His insights into the motivations behind mass movements remain strikingly relevant, shedding light on how charismatic leaders and unifying ideologies can mobilize people, often with profound and sometimes dangerous consequences. The book serves as a timeless analysis of the psychological underpinnings of social movements and the power they wield over the human psyche.

Jeff Sharlet’s The Undertow: Scenes from a Slow Civil War is a haunting and evocative exploration of the deepening political and cultural divides in contemporary America. Through a series of vivid, immersive narratives, Sharlet captures the voices and lives of people across the country who are caught up in the rising tide of polarization, extremism, and unrest. He paints a picture of a nation at a tipping point, where the fractures in society are widening, and the specter of a “slow civil war” looms ever larger. With his keen eye for detail and empathetic storytelling, Sharlet reveals how fear, anger, and a longing for belonging are driving forces behind the growing tensions, offering a powerful and unsettling portrait of a country on the brink.

Jesse Walker’s The United States of Paranoia: A Conspiracy Theory offers a comprehensive and insightful history of conspiracy theories in American culture, showing how they have been a persistent and influential force throughout the nation’s history. Walker categorizes these theories into five archetypes—enemy outside, enemy within, enemy above, enemy below, and the benevolent conspiracy—illustrating how each has manifested in different eras and contexts. He argues that conspiracy thinking is not just a fringe phenomenon but a fundamental part of American political and social life, shaping public discourse and policy. By tracing the evolution of conspiracies from the colonial period to the present, Walker reveals how they reflect deeper anxieties and cultural tensions, often serving as a means for people to make sense of complex and unsettling realities. The book underscores the idea that paranoia is woven into the fabric of American identity, influencing how people perceive power, trust, and truth.

Order on bookshop.org and thumb your nose at Amazon

Learn more about conspiracy theories

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Evangelicals in church raising their hands high for Christian nationalism

Christian nationalism, a belief system that intertwines national identity with Christian faith, has been a significant force in American history — and the Christian nationalism timeline may go back further than you think. It erroneously asserts that the United States is fundamentally a Christian nation and should be governed by biblical principles.

This flawed ideology has influenced various aspects of American life, from politics to education, and continues to shape the discourse around national identity and public policy. Understanding the evolution of Christian nationalism provides critical insights into its current manifestations and implications for the future.

In recent years, the resurgence of Christian nationalism has become more visible and influential in American politics. The events of January 6, 2021, and the Big Lie rhetoric surrounding the 2020 presidential election highlighted the power and reach of this movement. With key figures like Russell Vought and organizations like Project 2025 advocating for policies that align with their interpretation of Christian values, it is essential to examine the timeline of Christian nationalism to grasp its roots, growth, and contemporary relevance.

Vote them out, while we still can

Then, get to the polls and take everyone you know with you. Do not allow the right-wing to establish a theocracy in this country — no matter what your faith (or lack thereof), we have common interest in preventing any one faith from informing the US government.

A line of diverse and young-looking voters forms at the polling place -- the right-wing's worst nightmare

Just because they say the words “Christian nation” does not alter the actual history in which the founders were deists who were adamant about keeping the political and religious spheres separate — having seen the ills it can cause to entwine them. Is America a Christian nation? No. We rejected the divine right of kings, very consciously and loudly so at the time. It is easy to pick up this sentiment in the writings of the founders both inside and outside of the founding documents.

Christian nationalism timeline

  • 1607 — The Jamestown Colony is established in Virginia. Early settlers bring a mix of Christian beliefs that will influence American culture.
  • 1620 — The Pilgrims arrive on the Mayflower, establishing the Plymouth Colony. They seek religious freedom after being persecuted for their lack of conformity to the Anglican church in England, and establish a community based on their Puritan beliefs.
  • 1630 — John Winthrop delivers his sermon “A Model of Christian Charity,” articulating the vision of America as a “city upon a hill,” influencing the concept of a Christian nation.
  • 1730-1740s — The First Great Awakening, a series of religious revivals, sweeps through the American colonies, strengthening evangelicalism.
  • 1776 — The Declaration of Independence is signed. The Founding Fathers, while influenced primarily by Enlightenment ideas, also incorporate some Christian principles.
  • 1787 — The U.S. Constitution is drafted, establishing a secular government with the First Amendment guaranteeing freedom of religion.
Continue reading Christian Nationalism Timeline
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Recently the Former Guy proclaimed to know nothing about Project 2025, the plan whose authors include 70% current and former Trump officials. In that he doth protest too much — does Trump support Project 2025? You bet your bippy he does!

What is Project 2025? Think of it as a vast plan, close to the former president, to feverishly establish Christofascism in America starting with Day 1 of a second Trump presidency. It is a 920-page document, and 1000-employee project, to “supercharge” another Trump term with an infusion of Christian nationalism.

More than 100 Christian nationalist organizations and groups are involved in drafting the blueprint for Trump’s next term, should that horrorscape come to pass. One core problem they have, however, is the extreme unpopularity of their ideas. Most Americans would recoil from the draconian measures Project 2025 wishes to bestow upon the nation, unasked for and unwanted — including banning abortion nationwide, restricting IVF, defunding education, pulling out of NATO, etc.

Who is behind Project 2025?

Project 2025 is so toxic in fact that Donald Trump disavowed it on Truth Social:

Trump disavows Project 2025 on his social network, Truth Social

Despite his pathetic attempt to disclaim knowledge about Project 2025, Trump’s current and former staff make up the majority of the group’s architects. Trump’s name appears 312 times in their document. It’s simply not credible that the GOP presumptive nominee is unaware of his loudest allies and advocates — and even if you take him at his word, it constitutes malpractice for a political candidate to be so uninformed.

So allegedly, Donald Trump doesn’t know anyone behind Project 2025. Let’s have a look at the amazing Venn Diagram between Trump officials and Project 2025, shall we?

Karoline Leavitt

Currently serving as the national press secretary for Trump’s 2024 campaign, Karoline Leavitt appears as a trainer in Project 2025 Presidential Administration Academy videos:

Karoline Leavitt, Donald Trump's national press secretary for his 2024 campaign, in a training video for the Project 2025 Presidential Administration Academy

Stephen Miller

Dour, pasty-faced goon Stephen Miller complemented Trump’s sadism as his senior advisor, with his cruel border separation policy for children and their families. He is well known for his white supremacist views and associations, but less well known for his role as head of a legal group on Project 2025’s advisory board. Here is Miller in a recruitment ad for Project 2025:

Stephen Miller, top Trump aide and anti-immigration extremist, stars in recruitment ads for Project 2025
Continue reading Does Trump support Project 2025?
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The concept of “prebunking” emerges as a proactive strategy in the fight against disinformation, an ever-present challenge in the digital era where information spreads at unprecedented speed and scale. In essence, prebunking involves the preemptive education of the public about the techniques and potential contents of disinformation campaigns before they encounter them. This method seeks not only to forewarn but also to forearm individuals, making them more resilient to the effects of misleading information.

Understanding disinformation

Disinformation, by definition, is false information that is deliberately spread with the intent to deceive or mislead. It’s a subset of misinformation, which encompasses all false information regardless of intent.

In our current “information age,” the rapid dissemination of information through social media, news outlets, and other digital platforms has amplified the reach and impact of disinformation campaigns. These campaigns can have various motives, including political manipulation, financial gain, or social disruption — and at times, all of the above; particularly in the case of information warfare.

The mechanism of prebunking

Prebunking works on the principle of “inoculation theory,” a concept borrowed from virology. Much like a vaccine introduces a weakened form of a virus to stimulate the immune system’s response to it, prebunking introduces individuals to a weakened form of an argument or disinformation tactic, thereby enabling them to recognize and resist such tactics in the future.

The process typically involves several key elements:

  • Exposure to Techniques: Educating people on the common techniques used in disinformation campaigns, such as emotional manipulation, conspiracy theories, fake experts, and misleading statistics.
  • Content Examples: Providing specific examples of disinformation can help individuals recognize similar patterns in future encounters.
  • Critical Thinking: Encouraging critical thinking and healthy skepticism, particularly regarding information sources and their motives. Helping people identify trustworthy media sources and discern credible sources in general.
  • Engagement: Interactive and engaging educational methods, such as games or interactive modules, have been found to be particularly effective in prebunking efforts.

The effectiveness of prebunking

Research into the effectiveness of prebunking is promising. Studies have shown that when individuals are forewarned about specific misleading strategies or the general prevalence of disinformation, they are better able to identify false information and less likely to be influenced by it. Prebunking can also increase resilience against disinformation across various subjects, from health misinformation such as the anti-vaccine movement to political propaganda.

However, the effectiveness of prebunking can vary based on several factors:

  • Timing: For prebunking to be most effective, it needs to occur before exposure to disinformation. Once false beliefs have taken root, they are much harder to correct — due to the backfire effect and other psychological, cognitive, and social factors.
  • Relevance: The prebunking content must be relevant to the audience’s experiences and the types of disinformation they are likely to encounter.
  • Repetition: Like many educational interventions, the effects of prebunking can diminish over time, suggesting that periodic refreshers may be necessary.

Challenges and considerations

While promising, prebunking is not a panacea for the disinformation dilemma. It faces several challenges:

  • Scalability: Effectively deploying prebunking campaigns at scale, particularly in a rapidly changing information environment, is difficult.
  • Targeting: Identifying and reaching the most vulnerable or targeted groups before they encounter disinformation requires sophisticated understanding and resources.
  • Adaptation by Disinformers: As prebunking strategies become more widespread, those who spread disinformation may adapt their tactics to circumvent these defenses.

Moreover, there is the ethical consideration of how to prebunk without inadvertently suppressing legitimate debate or dissent, ensuring that the fight against disinformation does not become a vector for censorship.

The role of technology and media

Given the digital nature of contemporary disinformation campaigns, technology companies and media organizations play a crucial role in prebunking efforts. Algorithms that prioritize transparency, the promotion of factual content, and the demotion of known disinformation sources can aid in prebunking. Media literacy campaigns, undertaken by educational institutions and NGOs, can also equip the public with the tools they need to navigate the information landscape critically.

Prebunking represents a proactive and promising approach to mitigating the effects of disinformation. By educating the public about the tactics used in disinformation campaigns and fostering critical engagement with media, it’s possible to build a more informed and resilient society.

However, the dynamic and complex nature of digital disinformation means that prebunking must be part of a broader strategy that includes technology solutions, regulatory measures, and ongoing research. As we navigate this challenge, the goal remains clear: to cultivate an information ecosystem where truth prevails, and public discourse thrives on accuracy and integrity.

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conspiracy theories, disinformation, and fake news

Conspiracy Theory Dictionary: From QAnon to Gnostics

In half a decade we’ve gone from Jeb Bush making a serious run for president to Marjorie Taylor Greene running unopposed and winning a House seat in Georgia. QAnon came seemingly out of nowhere, but taps into a much deeper and older series of conspiracy theories that have surfaced, resurfaced, and been remixed throughout time.

Essentially, QAnon is a recycling of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion conspiracy theory that drove the Nazi ideology and led to the genocide of over 6 million Jews, gypsies, gays, and others who made Hitler mad. It’s a derivative of the global cabal conspiracy theory, and is riddled with the kind of conspiratorial paranoia that led to the deaths of over 75 million people in World War II.

The spread of the QAnon conspiracy theory greatly benefits from historical memory, getting a generous marketing boost from sheer familiarity. It also benefits from an authoritarian mentality growing louder in America, with a predilection for magical thinking and a susceptibility to conspiratorial thinking.

conspiracy theories, by midjourney

Tales as old as time

Conspiracy theories have been around much longer even than the Protocols — stretching back about as long as recorded history itself. Why do people believe in conspiracy theories? In an increasingly complex world brimming with real-time communication capabilities, the cognitive appeal of easy answers may simply be stronger than ever before.

Anthropologists believe that conspiracy theory has been around for about as long as human beings have been able to communicate. Historians describe one of the earliest conspiracy theories as originating in ancient Mesopotamia, involving a god named Marduk and a goddess called Tiamat — both figures in Babylonian creation mythology.

According to the myth, Marduk defeated Tiamat in battle and created the world from her body — but some ancient Mesopotamians at the time thought that the story was not actually a mere myth, but a political cover-up of a real-life conspiracy in which the followers of Marduk secretly plotted to overthrow Tiamat to seize power.

This “original conspiracy theory” was likely driven by political tensions between city-states in ancient Mesopotamia, although there are very few written records still around to corroborate the origin of the theory or perception of the story at the time. Nevertheless, the Marduk-Tiamat myth is regarded as one of the earliest known examples of widespread belief in conspiracy theories, and it points to the relative commonality and frequency of false narratives throughout history.

Whether deployed purposefully to deceive a population for political advantage, created to exploit people economically, or invented “naturally” as a simple yet satisfying explanation for otherwise complicated and overwhelming phenomena, conspiracy theories are undoubtedly here to stay in culture more broadly for some time to come. We had best get the lay of the land, and understand the language we might use to describe and talk about them.

conspiracy theories: old men around the world map, by midjourney

Conspiracy Theory Dictionary

4chanA notorious internet message board with an unruly culture capable of trolling, pranks, and crimes.
8chanIf 4chan wasn’t raw and lawless enough for you, you could try the even more right-wing “free speech”-haven 8chan while it still stood (now 8kun). Described by its founder Frederick Bennan as “if 4chan and reddit had a baby,” the site is notorious for incubating Gamergate, which morphed into PizzaGate, which morphed into QAnon — and for generally being a cesspool of humanity’s worst stuff.
9/11 truthersPeople who believe the attacks on the Twin Towers in New York City in 2001 were either known about ahead of time and allowed to happen, or were intentionally planned by the US government.
alien abductionPeople who claim to have been captured by intelligent life from another planet, taken to a spaceship or other plane of existence, and brought back — as well as the folks who believe them.
American carnageEvocative of “immense loss” in the Nazi mythology
AntifaAntifa is anti-fascism, so the anti-anti-fascists are just fascists wrapped in a double negative. They are the real cancel culture — and a dangerous one (book burning and everything!).
Anti-SemitismOne of history’s oldest hatreds, stretching back to early biblical times
Biblical inerrancyBiblical inerrancy is the doctrine that the Bible, in its original manuscripts, is without error or fault in all its teachings. 
birtherismOne of Donald Trump‘s original Big Lies — that President Barack Obama wasn’t born in the U.S. and therefore, wasn’t a “legitimate” president.
Black Lives MatterA social justice movement advocating for non-violent civil disobedience in protest against incidents of police brutality and all racially motivated violence against black people.
blood libelA false accusation or myth that Jewish people used the blood of Christians, especially children, in religious rituals, historically used to justify persecution of Jews.
child traffickingThe illegal practice of procuring or trading children for the purpose of exploitation, such as forced labor, sexual exploitation, or illegal adoption.
Christian IdentityA religious belief system that asserts that white people of European descent are God’s chosen people, often associated with white supremacist and extremist groups.
climate change denialThe rejection or dismissal of the scientific consensus that the climate is changing and that human activity is a significant contributing factor. Part of a broader cultural trend of science denialism.
The ConfederacyRefers to the Confederate States of America, a group of 11 southern states that seceded from the United States in 1861, leading to the American Civil War, primarily over the issue of slavery.
contaminationThe presence of an unwanted substance or impurity in another substance, making it unsafe or unsuitable for use.
cosmopolitanismAnother term for globalist or internationalist, which are all dog whistles for Jewish people (see also: global cabal, blood libel)
Crossing the RubiconA phrase that signifies passing a point of no return, derived from Julius Caesar’s irreversible crossing of the Rubicon River in 49 BC, leading to the Roman Civil War.
cultural MarxismAnti-semitic conspiracy theory alleging that Jewish intellectuals who fled the Hitler regime were responsible for infecting American culture with their communist takeover plans and that this holy war is the war the right-wing fights each day.
deep stateThe idea of a body within the government and military that operates independently of elected officials, often believed to manipulate government policy and direction.
DVE(Domestic Violent Extremism): Refers to violent acts committed within a country’s borders by individuals motivated by domestic political, religious, racial, or social ideologies.
fake newsInformation that is false or misleading, created and disseminated with the intent to deceive the public or sway public opinion.
GamerGateA controversy that started in 2014 involving the harassment of women in the video game industry, under the guise of advocating for ethics in gaming journalism.
George SorosA Hungarian-American billionaire investor and philanthropist, often the subject of unfounded conspiracy theories alleging he manipulates global politics and economies.
HollywoodThe historic center of the United States film industry, often used to refer broadly to American cinema and its cultural influence.
IlluminatiA term often associated with various conspiracy theories that allege a secret society controlling world affairs, originally referring to the Bavarian Illuminati, an Enlightenment-era secret society.
InfoWarsA controversial far-right media platform known for promoting conspiracy theories, disinformation, and misinformation, hosted by clinical narcissist Alex Jones.
JFK assassinationThe assassination of President John F. Kennedy on November 22, 1963, in Dallas, Texas, an event surrounded by numerous conspiracy theories regarding the motives and identities of the assassins.
John Birch SocietyThe QAnon of its day (circa 1960s), this extreme right-wing group was theoretically about anti-communist ideals but espoused a host of conspiracy theories and outlandish beliefs.
lamestream mediaDerogatory term for any media that isn’t right-wing media.
leftist apocalypseA hyperbolic term used by some critics to describe a scenario where leftist or progressive policies lead to societal collapse or significant negative consequences.
Makers and TakersA right-wing economic dichotomy used to describe individuals or groups who contribute to society or the economy (makers) versus those who are perceived to take from it without contributing (takers). See also: Mudsill Theory, trickle down economics, supply side economics, Reaganomics, Libertarianism
micro-propaganda machineMPM: Refers to the use of targeted, small-scale dissemination of propaganda, often through social media and other digital platforms, to influence public opinion or behavior.
motivated reasoningThe cognitive process where individuals form conclusions that are more favorable to their preexisting beliefs or desires, rather than based on objective evidence.
New World OrderA conspiracy theory that posits a secretly emerging totalitarian world government, often associated with fears of loss of sovereignty and individual freedoms. (see also, OWG, ZOG)
nullificationA constitutional “theory” put forth by southern states before the Civil War that they have the power to invalidate any federal laws or judicial decisions they consider unconstitutional. It’s never been upheld by the federal courts.
One World GovernmentThe concept of a single government authority that would govern the entire world, often discussed in the context of global cooperation or, conversely, as a dystopian threat in conspiracy theories. (see also: NWO, ZOG)
PizzaGateA debunked and baseless conspiracy theory alleging the involvement of certain U.S. political figures in a child sex trafficking ring, supposedly operated out of a Washington, D.C., pizzeria.
post-truthRefers to a cultural and political context in which debate is framed largely by appeals to emotion disconnected from the details of policy, and by the repeated assertion of talking points to which factual rebuttals are ignored.
PRpublic relations
propagandaInformation, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote a political cause or point of view.
Protocols of the Elders of ZionForged anti-semitic document alleging a secret Jewish child murder conspiracy used by Hitler to gin up support for his regime.
PsyOpsPsychological operations: Operations intended to convey selected information and indicators to audiences to influence their emotions, motives, objective reasoning, and ultimately the behavior of governments, organizations, groups, and individuals. Used as part of hybrid warfare and information warfare tactics in geopolitical (and, sadly, domestic) arenas.
QAnonA baseless conspiracy theory alleging that a secret cabal of Satan-worshipping pedophiles is running a global child sex-trafficking ring and plotting against former U.S. President Donald Trump.
Q DropsMessages or “drops” posted on internet forums by “Q,” the anonymous figure at the center of the QAnon conspiracy theory, often cryptic and claiming to reveal secret information about a supposed deep state conspiracy.
reactionary modernismA term that describes the combination of modern technological development with traditionalist or reactionary political and cultural beliefs, often seen in fascist ideologies.
Reichstag fireAn arson attack on the Reichstag building (home of the German parliament) in Berlin on February 27, 1933, which the Nazi regime used as a pretext to claim that Communists were plotting against the German government.
RothschildsA wealthy Jewish family of bankers, often subject to various unfounded conspiracy theories alleging they control global financial systems and world events.
sock puppetsOnline identities used for purposes of deception, such as to praise, defend, or support a person or organization while appearing to be an independent party.
“Stand back and stand by”A phrase used by former U.S. President Donald Trump during a presidential debate, which was interpreted as a call to readiness by the Proud Boys, a far-right and neo-fascist organization that seemed to answer his calling during the riot and coup attempt at the Capitol on January 6, 2021.
The StormWithin the context of QAnon, a prophesied event in which members of the supposed deep state cabal will be arrested and punished for their crimes.
WikiLeaksWikiLeaks is a controversial platform known for publishing classified and secret documents from anonymous sources, gaining international attention for its major leaks. While it has played a significant role in exposing hidden information, its release of selectively edited materials has also contributed to the spread of conspiracy theories related to American and Russian politics.
ZOGZOG (Zionist Occupation Government): A conspiracy theory claiming that Jewish people secretly control a country, particularly the United States, while the term itself is antisemitic and unfounded.
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The concept of a “confirmation loop” in psychology is a critical element to understand in the contexts of media literacy, disinformation, and political ideologies. It operates on the basic human tendency to seek out, interpret, favor, and recall information in a way that confirms one’s preexisting beliefs or hypotheses, known as confirmation bias. This bias is a type of cognitive bias and a systematic error of inductive reasoning that affects the decisions and judgments that people make.

Understanding the confirmation loop

A confirmation loop occurs when confirmation bias is reinforced in a cyclical manner, often exacerbated by the selective exposure to information that aligns with one’s existing beliefs. In the digital age, this is particularly prevalent due to the echo chambers created by online social networks and personalized content algorithms.

These technologies tend to present us with information that aligns with our existing views, thus creating a loop where our beliefs are constantly confirmed, and alternative viewpoints are rarely encountered. This can solidify and deepen convictions, making individuals more susceptible to disinformation and conspiracy theories, and less tolerant of opposing viewpoints.

Media literacy and disinformation

Media literacy is the ability to identify different types of media and understand the messages they’re sending. It’s crucial in breaking the confirmation loop as it involves critically evaluating sources of information, their purposes, and their impacts on our thoughts and beliefs.

With the rise of digital media, individuals are bombarded with an overwhelming amount of information, making it challenging to distinguish between credible information and disinformation. It is paramount to find your own set of credible sources, and verify the ethics and integrity of new sources you come across.

Disinformation, or false information deliberately spread to deceive people, thrives in an environment where confirmation loops are strong. Individuals trapped in confirmation loops are more likely to accept information that aligns with their preexisting beliefs without scrutinizing its credibility. This makes disinformation a powerful tool in manipulating public opinion, especially in politically charged environments.

Political ideologies

The impact of confirmation loops on political ideologies cannot be overstated. Political beliefs are deeply held and can significantly influence how information is perceived and processed.

When individuals only consume media that aligns with their political beliefs, they’re in a confirmation loop that can reinforce partisan views and deepen divides. This is particularly concerning in democratic societies where informed and diverse opinions are essential for healthy political discourse.

Operation of the confirmation loop

The operation of the confirmation loop can be seen in various everyday situations. For instance, a person might exclusively watch news channels that reflect their political leanings, follow like-minded individuals on social media, and participate in online forums that share their viewpoints.

Algorithms on many platforms like Facebook and Twitter (X) detect these preferences and continue to feed similar content, thus reinforcing the loop. Over time, this can result in a narrowed perspective, where alternative viewpoints are not just ignored but may also be actively discredited or mocked.

Becoming more aware and breaking the loop

Becoming more aware of confirmation loops and working to break them is essential for fostering open-mindedness and reducing susceptibility to disinformation. Here are several strategies to achieve this:

  1. Diversify Information Sources: Actively seek out and engage with credible sources of information that offer differing viewpoints. This can help broaden your perspective and challenge your preconceived notions.
  2. Critical Thinking: Develop critical thinking skills to analyze and question the information you encounter. Look for evidence, check sources, and consider the purpose and potential biases behind the information.
  3. Media Literacy Education: Invest time in learning about media literacy. Understanding how media is created, its various forms, and its impact can help you navigate information more effectively.
  4. Reflect on Biases: Regularly reflect on your own biases and consider how they might be affecting your interpretation of information. Self-awareness is a crucial step in mitigating the impact of confirmation loops.
  5. Engage in Constructive Dialogue: Engage in respectful and constructive dialogues with individuals who hold different viewpoints. This can expose you to new perspectives and reduce the polarization exacerbated by confirmation loops.

The confirmation loop is a powerful psychological phenomenon that plays a significant role in shaping our beliefs and perceptions, especially in the context of media literacy, disinformation, and political ideologies. By understanding how it operates and actively working to mitigate its effects, individuals can become more informed, open-minded, and resilient against disinformation.

The path toward breaking the confirmation loop involves a conscious effort to engage with diverse information sources, practice critical thinking, and foster an environment of open and respectful discourse.

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The concept of ego defenses, also known simply as defense mechanisms, is fundamental in the field of psychology, particularly within the psychoanalytic framework established by Sigmund Freud and further developed by his daughter Anna Freud and other psychoanalysts. These mechanisms are subconscious safeguards that protect individuals from anxiety and the awareness of internal or external dangers or stressors.

Understanding ego defense mechanisms

Ego defenses operate at a psychological level to help manage the conflicts between internal impulses and external reality. They often work by distorting, transforming, or somehow denying reality. While these mechanisms can vary widely in terms of their sophistication and the level of distortion they involve, all serve the primary function of reducing emotional distress.

Some common defense mechanisms include:

  • Denial: Refusing to accept reality because it is too painful or difficult to face.
  • Repression: Unconsciously blocking unacceptable thoughts or desires from consciousness.
  • Projection: Attributing one’s own unacceptable thoughts or feelings to others.
  • Rationalization: Creating a seemingly logical reason for behavior that might otherwise be shameful.
  • Displacement: Redirecting emotions from a ‘dangerous’ object to a ‘safe’ one.
  • Regression: Reverting to behavior characteristic of an earlier stage of development when confronted with stress.

These mechanisms aren’t inherently bad; they can be essential for coping with stress and can be adaptive in many circumstances. However, when overused or used inappropriately, they can lead to unhealthy patterns and psychological distress.

Ego defense mechanisms and disinformation

When it comes to disinformation, conspiracy theories, and extremist ideologies, ego defenses play a crucial role in how individuals process and react to information that conflicts with their existing beliefs or worldviews. This intersection is particularly apparent in the phenomena of denial, projection, and rationalization.

  1. Denial comes into play when individuals refuse to accept verified facts because these facts are uncomfortable or threatening to their pre-existing views or sense of self. For example, someone might deny the impacts of climate change because acknowledging it would necessitate uncomfortable changes in their lifestyle or worldview.
  2. Projection is evident when individuals attribute malicious intent or undesirable traits to others rather than recognizing them in themselves. In the realm of conspiracy theories, this can manifest as accusing various groups or organizations of conspiring for control, thereby projecting one’s own feelings of vulnerability or distrust.
  3. Rationalization allows individuals to justify belief in disinformation or extremist ideologies by providing reasonable but false explanations for these beliefs. This can often involve elaborate justifications for why certain pieces of disinformation fit into their broader understanding of the world, despite clear evidence to the contrary.

The psychological appeal of extremist ideologies

Extremist ideologies often provide a sense of certainty, control, and identity, all of which are deeply appealing on a psychological level, particularly for individuals feeling disconnected or powerless. These ideologies can effectively reduce psychological discomfort by providing simple, albeit inaccurate, explanations for complex social or personal issues.

How ego defenses facilitate belief in extremist ideologies

Ego defenses facilitate adherence to extremist ideologies by allowing individuals to:

  • Avoid cognitive dissonance: Maintaining a consistent belief system, even if it’s flawed, helps avoid the discomfort of conflicting beliefs.
  • Feel part of a group: Aligning with a group that shares one’s defensive strategies can reinforce a sense of belonging and identity.
  • Displace emotions: Directing negative emotions towards ‘out-groups’ or perceived enemies rather than dealing with personal issues or societal complexities.

Ego defenses keep false beliefs “sticky”

Ego defenses are not only fundamental to personal psychological functioning but also play a significant role in how people interact with and are influenced by broader societal narratives. Understanding the role of these mechanisms in the context of disinformation, conspiracy theories, and extremist ideologies is crucial for addressing these issues effectively. This understanding helps illuminate why such beliefs are appealing and resistant to change, highlighting the need for approaches that address underlying psychological needs and defenses.

Knowing the power of ego defenses helps explain why we shouldn’t expect people to part with their strongly-held false beliefs based on simple exposure to actual facts or corrective information — there is often something much deeper going on. In fact, confronting a conspiracy theorist or extremist with contradictory facts or information can often lead to a backfire effect, where the individual comes away more strongly committed to their false beliefs than they were before.

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Stochastic terrorism is a term that has emerged in the lexicon of political and social analysis to describe a method of inciting violence indirectly through the use of mass communication. This concept is predicated on the principle that while not everyone in an audience will act on violent rhetoric, a small percentage might.

The term “stochastic” refers to a process that is randomly determined; it implies that the specific outcomes are unpredictable, yet the overall distribution of these outcomes follows a pattern that can be statistically analyzed. In the context of stochastic terrorism, it means that while it is uncertain who will act on incendiary messages and violent political rhetoric, it is almost certain that someone will.

The nature of stochastic terrorism

Stochastic terrorism involves the dissemination of public statements, whether through speeches, social media, or traditional media, that incite violence. The individuals or entities spreading such rhetoric may not directly call for political violence. Instead, they create an atmosphere charged with tension and hostility, suggesting that action must be taken against a perceived threat or enemy. This indirect incitement provides plausible deniability, as those who broadcast the messages can claim they never explicitly advocated for violence.

Prominent stochastic terrorism examples

The following are just a few notable illustrative examples of stochastic terrorism:

  1. The Oklahoma City Bombing (1995): Timothy McVeigh, influenced by extremist anti-government rhetoric, the 1992 Ruby Ridge standoff, and the 1993 siege at Waco, Texas, detonated a truck bomb outside the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building, killing 168 people. This act was fueled by ideologies that demonized the federal government, highlighting how extremism and extremist propaganda can inspire individuals to commit acts of terror.
  2. The Oslo and Utøya Attacks (2011): Anders Behring Breivik, driven by anti-Muslim and anti-immigrant beliefs, bombed government buildings in Oslo, Norway, then shot and killed 69 people at a youth camp on the island of Utøya. Breivik’s manifesto cited many sources that painted Islam and multiculturalism as existential threats to Europe, showing the deadly impact of extremist online echo chambers and the pathology of right-wing ideologies such as Great Replacement Theory.
  3. The Pittsburgh Synagogue Shooting (2018): Robert Bowers, influenced by white supremacist ideologies and conspiracy theories about migrant caravans, killed 11 worshippers in a synagogue. His actions were preceded by social media posts that echoed hate speech and conspiracy theories rampant in certain online communities, demonstrating the lethal consequences of unmoderated hateful rhetoric.
  4. The El Paso Shooting (2019): Patrick Crusius targeted a Walmart in El Paso, Texas, killing 23 people, motivated by anti-immigrant sentiment and rhetoric about a “Hispanic invasion” of Texas. His manifesto mirrored language used in certain media and political discourse, underscoring the danger of using dehumanizing language against minority groups.
  5. Christchurch Mosque Shootings (2019): Brenton Tarrant live-streamed his attack on two mosques in Christchurch, New Zealand, killing 51 people, influenced by white supremacist beliefs and online forums that amplified Islamophobic rhetoric. The attacker’s manifesto and online activity were steeped in extremist content, illustrating the role of internet subcultures in radicalizing individuals.

Stochastic terrorism in right-wing politics in the US

In the United States, the concept of stochastic terrorism has become increasingly relevant in analyzing the tactics employed by certain right-wing entities and individuals. While the phenomenon is not exclusive to any single political spectrum, recent years have seen notable instances where right-wing rhetoric has been linked to acts of violence.

The January 6, 2021, attack on the U.S. Capitol serves as a stark example of stochastic terrorism. The event was preceded by months of unfounded claims of electoral fraud and calls to “stop the steal,” amplified by right-wing media outlets and figures — including then-President Trump who had extraordinary motivation to portray his 2020 election loss as a victory in order to stay in power. This rhetoric created a charged environment, leading some individuals to believe that violent action was a justified response to defend democracy.

The role of media and technology

Right-wing media platforms have played a significant role in amplifying messages that could potentially incite stochastic terrorism. Through the strategic use of incendiary language, disinformation, misinformation, and conspiracy theories, these platforms have the power to reach vast audiences and influence susceptible individuals to commit acts of violence.

The advent of social media has further complicated the landscape, enabling the rapid spread of extremist rhetoric. The decentralized nature of these platforms allows for the creation of echo chambers where inflammatory messages are not only amplified but also go unchallenged, increasing the risk of radicalization.

Challenges and implications

Stochastic terrorism presents significant legal and societal challenges. The indirect nature of incitement complicates efforts to hold individuals accountable for the violence that their rhetoric may inspire. Moreover, the phenomenon raises critical questions about the balance between free speech and the prevention of violence, challenging societies to find ways to protect democratic values while preventing harm.

Moving forward

Addressing stochastic terrorism requires a multifaceted approach. This includes promoting responsible speech among public figures, enhancing critical thinking and media literacy among the public, and developing legal and regulatory frameworks that can effectively address the unique challenges posed by this form of terrorism. Ultimately, combating stochastic terrorism is not just about preventing violence; it’s about preserving the integrity of democratic societies and ensuring that public discourse does not become a catalyst for harm.

Understanding and mitigating the effects of stochastic terrorism is crucial in today’s increasingly polarized world. By recognizing the patterns and mechanisms through which violence is indirectly incited, societies can work towards more cohesive and peaceful discourse, ensuring that democracy is protected from the forces that seek to undermine it through fear and division.

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The war in Ukraine is less “surprising” to some who’ve seen it raging since 2014. Although it escalated greatly in 2022, the Ukraine timeline dates back all the way to the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991.

To understand the backstory — which is now inextricably intertwined with our own presidential history given the impeachment of Donald Trump over his phone calls with Zelensky to the Republican Party‘s current-day support of the aims of Vladimir Putin — we have to go back to a time when no one was stronger on anti-Russian policy than GOP darling Ronald Reagan.

  • 1991 — Ukraine declares independence and becomes an independent entity after the fall of the Soviet Union
  • 1994 — Ukraine agrees to give up its nuclear arsenal in exchange for a protection agreement with Russia, United States, Britain, and Ireland (Budapest Memorandum)
  • 2004Viktor Yanukovich “wins” election under dubious circumstances and is deposed for a do over election, which he loses to Viktor Yuschenko (Orange Revolution)
  • 2006 — Viktor Yanukovych begins working directly with Paul Manafort, in an effort to boost his image after his electoral loss. Manafort was known for his work helping the “Torturers’ Lobby” of brutal dictators around the world in the 1980s, with Roger Stone (another infamous dirty trickster best known for his role as a fixer for Richard Nixon).
  • 2007 — Yanukovych’s Party of Regions does well in the Ukranian parliamentary elections, gaining a large number of seats credited to Manafort’s strategic advice about Western-style campaigning.
  • 2010 — Yanukovych is elected President of Ukraine, again largely crediting Manafort’s strategies for his comeback.
  • Nov 2013 — Having promised a more European-style government in order to win the presidency in 2010, Yanukovych turned on his word and initiated more pro-Russian policies than the Ukranians had signed up for. Yanukovych is now beset by enormous public protests against the corruption of his regime, and his unilateral decision to abandon an association agreement with the EU in favor of a trade agreement with Russia (Maidan Revolution / Revolution of Dignity)
  • Feb 2014 — After a harrowing 93 days barricaded inside Kyiv’s Maidan Square, activists are victorious; Yanukovich is deposed and flees to Russia
  • Mar 2014 — Russian forces invade and annex the region of Crimea within Ukraine
  • Apr 2014 — Russian forces invade the Donetsk and Luhansk regions in eastern Ukraine, escalating a war that continues to this day and had already killed more than 14,000 people by the time the 2022 large scale invasion began
  • Apr 2014 — Hunter Biden and business partner Devon Archer join the board of Burisma
  • May 2014 — Candy magnate Petro Poroshenko succeeds Yanukovych as president of Ukraine
  • Feb 10, 2015Viktor Shokin takes office as the prosecutor general of Ukraine, tasked with getting a handle on rampant corruption
  • Oct 8, 2015 — US Assistant Secretary of State Victoria Nuland reiterates strong concerns that Shokin is failing to prosecute obvious corruption in Ukraine, and that efforts at anti-corruption must be stepped up there
  • Dec 8, 2015 — Then VP and point person on Ukraine Joe Biden gave a speech to the Ukrainian parliament, urging them to step up their efforts to pursue anti-corruption reforms to help strengthen their young democracy
  • Winter 2015-6 — Biden is talking to Poroshenko about how Shokin is slow-walking their anti-corruption efforts
  • Feb 16, 2016 — Viktor Shokin resigns as Prosecutor General of Ukraine
  • May 12, 2016Yuriy Lutsenko is appointed as the new Prosecutor General, despite having no law degree or legal experience. At first he takes a hard line against Burisma.
  • Aug 14, 2016 — “Black ledger” payments to Paul Manafort from Viktor Yanukovych go public
  • May 10, 2017Trump hosts Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov and Ambassador Sergey Kislyak in the Oval Office, the day after he has fired James Comey as the Director of the FBI over “the Russian thing” — only a photographer for Russian news agency Tass is allowed to cover the meeting
  • June 2017 — The NotPetya malware emerges and causes extensive damage — especially in Ukraine. It is widely fingerprinted as a Russian state-sponsored attack.
  • October 30, 2017 — Paul Manafort is indicted by Special Counsel Robert Mueller for money laundering, acting as a foreign agent, making false statements, and conspiracy against the United States, as part of the ongoing investigation into Russian interference in the 2016 US presidential election.
  • Apr 30, 2018 — At a Trump dinner in his DC hotel, Lev Parnas and Igor Fruman tell Trump they think Ukraine Ambassador Yovanovitch isn’t loyal enough to him
  • May-June 2018 — Lev Parnas pressures US Congressman Pete Sessions to pressure Trump to fire Yovanovitch in exchange for campaign funding; he and Fruman are later arrested for this scheme and other federal charges of illegal foreign funding of election campaigns
  • Summer 2018 — Trump reportedly frets a potential Biden run for the presidency
  • August 2018 — Lev Parnas’s company, which is named (I kid you not) “Fraud Guarantee,” hires Rudy Giuliani‘s firm for $500,000 to continue working on getting Ambassador Yovanovitch fired for doing her job pursuing corruption in Ukraine.
  • Sept 2018Congress passes and Trump signs a spending bill for the Department of Defense, including $250 million in military aid to Ukraine under the Ukraine Security Assistance Initiative (USAI)
  • Late 2018 — Lev Parnas arranges for Giuliani to meet with both Shokin and Lutsenko on multiple occasions; Devin Nunes also secretly meets with Shokin in Vienna.
  • Dec 6, 2018 — Trump pressures Parnas and Fruman to pressure the Ukrainian government to open an investigation into the Bidens
  • Late Feb, 2019 — Parnas and Fruman pressure then-President Poroshenko to open an investigation into the Bidens, in exchange for a state visit at the White House that would help his challenging re-election campaign against the popular young upstart comedian Volodymyr Zelenskyy
  • Spring 2019 — A “working group” of Giuliani, Parnas, Fruman, conservative Hill reporter John Solomon, Joseph diGenova, Victoria Toensing, and Devin Nunes’s top aide Harvey meet regularly to work on the quid pro quo project
  • March 2019 — Prosecutor General Lutsenko opens 2 investigations: 1 into alleged Ukrainian involvement in the 2016 US election (a Russian conspiracy theory) and a 2nd into Hunter Biden’s involvement with Burisma (he will later retract many of his allegations).
  • March 24, 2019 — Don Jr. tweets criticism of Ambassador Yovanovitch
  • March 28, 2019 — Giuliani hands off a smear campaign packet of disinformation cobbled together on Yovanovitch, intended for Secretary of State Mike Pompeo
  • April 24, 2019 — Trump orders Marie Yovanovitch recalled from her diplomatic mission in Ukraine, after Giuliani and other allies reported she was undermining and obstructing their efforts to extort Ukrainian president Volodomyr Zelensky to claim he was investigating the Bidens for corruption.
  • July 25, 2019 — On a phone call with Zelensky, Trump pressures him to investigate Biden in exchange for the release of funds to keep the Russians at bay in Crimea. He disparages Yovanovitch on the call, referring to her as “bad news.”
  • Oct 3, 2019 — Ambassador to Ukraine Marie Yovanovitch is unsummarily fired by Donald Trump after recently having been invited to continue her post for several more years
  • Dec 18, 2019 — The House of Representatives votes to impeach Donald Trump for abuse of power and obstruction of Congress, the first of two times Trump will be impeached.
  • Feb 5, 2020 — The Republican-controlled Senate voted along party lines, having called no witnesses, to acquit Donald Trump of both impeachment charges.
  • Feb 2022 — Russian forces begin a large scale land invasion of Ukraine including massive attacks on civilian cities.
  • Feb 2024 — Donald Trump holds up a bipartisan immigration deal in Congress that would allow military aide funds to Ukraine to be released. Running for a second term as US President, Trump continues to break with 80 years of the post-WWII international order — in refusing to support NATO, the alliance widely regarded as keeping the peace in Europe broadly, as well as in supporting the regime of Vladimir Putin in Russia’s war of aggression against Ukraine.
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The adrenochrome conspiracy theory is a complex and widely debunked claim that has its roots in various strands of mythology, pseudoscience, disinformation, and misinformation. It’s important to approach this topic with a critical thinking perspective, understanding that these claims are not supported by credible evidence or scientific understanding.

Origin and evolution of the adrenochrome theory

The origin of the adrenochrome theory can be traced back to the mid-20th century, but it gained notable prominence in the context of internet culture and conspiracy circles in the 21st century. Initially, adrenochrome was simply a scientific term referring to a chemical compound produced by the oxidation of adrenaline. However, over time, it became entangled in a web of conspiracy theories.

In fiction, the first notable reference to adrenochrome appears in Aldous Huxley’s 1954 work “The Doors of Perception,” where it’s mentioned in passing as a psychotropic substance. Its more infamous portrayal came with Hunter S. Thompson’s 1971 book “Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas,” where adrenochrome is depicted as a powerful hallucinogen. These fictional representations played a significant role in shaping the later conspiracy narratives around the substance.

The conspiracy theory, explained

The modern adrenochrome conspiracy theory posits that a global elite, often linked to high-profile figures in politics, entertainment, and finance, harvests adrenochrome from human victims, particularly children. According to the theory, this substance is used for its supposed anti-aging properties or as a psychedelic drug.

This theory often intertwines with other conspiracy theories, such as those related to satanic ritual abuse and global cabal elites. It gained significant traction on internet forums and through social media, particularly among groups inclined towards conspiratorial thinking. Adrenochrome theory fundamentally contains antisemitic undertones, given its tight similarity with the ancient blood libel trope — used most famously by the Nazi regime to indoctrinate ordinary Germans into hating the Jews.

Lack of scientific evidence

From a scientific perspective, adrenochrome is a real compound, but its properties are vastly different from what the conspiracy theory claims. It does not have hallucinogenic effects, nor is there any credible evidence to suggest it possesses anti-aging capabilities. The scientific community recognizes adrenochrome as a byproduct of adrenaline oxidation with limited physiological impact on the human body.

Impact and criticism

The adrenochrome conspiracy theory has been widely criticized for its baseless claims and potential to incite violence and harassment. Experts in psychology, sociology, and information science have pointed out the dangers of such unfounded theories, especially in how they can fuel real-world hostility and targeting of individuals or groups.

Furthermore, the theory diverts attention from legitimate issues related to child welfare and exploitation, creating a sensationalist and unfounded narrative that undermines genuine efforts to address these serious problems.

Psychological and social dynamics

Psychologists have explored why people believe in such conspiracy theories. Factors like a desire for understanding in a complex world, a need for control, and a sense of belonging to a group can drive individuals towards these narratives. Social media algorithms and echo chambers further reinforce these beliefs, creating a self-sustaining cycle of misinformation.

Various legal and social actions have been taken to combat the spread of the adrenochrome conspiracy and similar misinformation. Platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube have implemented policies to reduce the spread of conspiracy theories, including adrenochrome-related content. Additionally, educational initiatives aim to improve media literacy and critical thinking skills among the public to better discern fact from fiction.

Ultimately, the adrenochrome conspiracy theory is a baseless narrative that has evolved from obscure references in literature and pseudoscience to a complex web of unfounded claims, intertwined with other conspiracy theories. It lacks any credible scientific support and has been debunked by experts across various fields.

The theory’s prevalence serves as a case study in the dynamics of misinformation and the psychological underpinnings of conspiracy belief systems. Efforts to combat its spread are crucial in maintaining a well-informed and rational public discourse.

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Peter Navarro reports to prison

Former Trump advisor Peter Navarro — who wrote a book claiming credit for the idea to try and overthrow the 2020 election and bragged about it as the “Green Bay Sweep” to MSNBC’s Ari Melber — reported to prison today after the Supreme Court ruled he cannot get out of answering to a Congressional subpoena. Peter Navarro prison time is set to be 4 months for an independent jury’s conviction for Contempt of Congress.

The sentencing judge refuted Navarro’s allegations that he was the victim of a political prosecition: “you aren’t,” Mehta said. “You have received every process you are due.”

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The backfire effect is a cognitive phenomenon that occurs when individuals are presented with information that contradicts their existing beliefs, leading them not only to reject the challenging information but also to further entrench themselves in their original beliefs.

This effect is counterintuitive, as one might expect that presenting factual information would correct misconceptions. However, due to various psychological mechanisms, the opposite can occur, complicating efforts to counter misinformation, disinformation, and the spread of conspiracy theories.

Origin and mechanism

The term “backfire effect” was popularized by researchers Brendan Nyhan and Jason Reifler, who in 2010 conducted studies demonstrating that corrections to false political information could actually deepen an individual’s commitment to their initial misconception. This effect is thought to stem from a combination of cognitive dissonance (the discomfort experienced when holding two conflicting beliefs) and identity-protective cognition (wherein individuals process information in a way that protects their sense of identity and group belonging).

Relation to media, disinformation, echo chambers, and media bubbles

In the context of media and disinformation, the backfire effect is particularly relevant. The proliferation of digital media platforms has made it easier than ever for individuals to encounter information that contradicts their beliefs — but paradoxically, it has also made it easier for them to insulate themselves in echo chambers and media bubbles—environments where their existing beliefs are constantly reinforced and rarely challenged.

Echo chambers refer to situations where individuals are exposed only to opinions and information that reinforce their existing beliefs, limiting their exposure to diverse perspectives. Media bubbles are similar, often facilitated by algorithms on social media platforms that curate content to match users’ interests and past behaviors, inadvertently reinforcing their existing beliefs and psychological biases.

Disinformation campaigns can exploit these dynamics by deliberately spreading misleading or false information, knowing that it is likely to be uncritically accepted and amplified within certain echo chambers or media bubbles. This can exacerbate the backfire effect, as attempts to correct the misinformation can lead to individuals further entrenching themselves in the false beliefs, especially if those beliefs are tied to their identity or worldview.

How the backfire effect happens

The backfire effect happens through a few key psychological processes:

  1. Cognitive Dissonance: When confronted with evidence that contradicts their beliefs, individuals experience discomfort. To alleviate this discomfort, they often reject the new information in favor of their pre-existing beliefs.
  2. Confirmation Bias: Individuals tend to favor information that confirms their existing beliefs and disregard information that contradicts them. This tendency towards bias can lead them to misinterpret or dismiss corrective information.
  3. Identity Defense: For many, beliefs are tied to their identity and social groups. Challenging these beliefs can feel like a personal attack, leading individuals to double down on their beliefs as a form of identity defense.

Prevention and mitigation

Preventing the backfire effect and its impact on public discourse and belief systems requires a multifaceted approach:

  1. Promote Media Literacy: Educating the public on how to critically evaluate sources and understand the mechanisms behind the spread of misinformation can empower individuals to think critically and assess the information they encounter.
  2. Encourage Exposure to Diverse Viewpoints: Breaking out of media bubbles and echo chambers by intentionally seeking out and engaging with a variety of perspectives can reduce the likelihood of the backfire effect by making conflicting information less threatening and more normal.
  3. Emphasize Shared Values: Framing challenging information in the context of shared values or goals can make it less threatening to an individual’s identity, reducing the defensive reaction.
  4. Use Fact-Checking and Corrections Carefully: Presenting corrections in a way that is non-confrontational and, when possible, aligns with the individual’s worldview or values can make the correction more acceptable. Visual aids and narratives that resonate with the individual’s experiences or beliefs can also be more effective than plain factual corrections.
  5. Foster Open Dialogue: Encouraging open, respectful conversations about contentious issues can help to humanize opposing viewpoints and reduce the instinctive defensive reactions to conflicting information.

The backfire effect presents a significant challenge in the fight against misinformation and disinformation, particularly in the context of digital media. Understanding the psychological underpinnings of this effect is crucial for developing strategies to promote a more informed and less polarized public discourse. By fostering critical thinking, encouraging exposure to diverse viewpoints, and promoting respectful dialogue, it may be possible to mitigate the impact of the backfire effect and create a healthier information ecosystem.

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The “wallpaper effect” is a phenomenon in media, propaganda, and disinformation where individuals become influenced or even indoctrinated by being continuously exposed to a particular set of ideas, perspectives, or ideologies. This effect is akin to wallpaper in a room, which, though initially noticeable, becomes part of the unnoticed background over time.

The wallpaper effect plays a significant role in shaping public opinion and individual beliefs, often without the conscious awareness of the individuals affected.

Origins and mechanisms

The term “wallpaper effect” stems from the idea that constant exposure to a specific type of media or messaging can subconsciously influence an individual’s perception and beliefs, similar to how wallpaper in a room becomes a subtle but constant presence. This effect is potentiated by the human tendency to seek information that aligns with existing beliefs, known as confirmation bias. It leads to a situation where diverse viewpoints are overlooked, and a singular perspective dominates an individual’s information landscape.

The wallpaper effect, by DALL-E 3

Media and information bubbles

In the context of media, the wallpaper effect is exacerbated by the formation of information bubbles or echo chambers. These are environments where a person is exposed only to opinions and information that reinforce their existing beliefs.

The rise of digital media and personalized content algorithms has intensified this effect, as users often receive news and information tailored to their preferences, further entrenching their existing viewpoints. Even more insidiously, social media platforms tend to earn higher profits when they fill users’ feeds with ideological perspectives they already agree with. Even more profitable is the process of tilting them towards more extreme versions of those beliefs — a practice that in other contexts we call “radicalization.”

Role in propaganda and disinformation

The wallpaper effect is a critical tool in propaganda and disinformation campaigns. By consistently presenting a specific narrative or viewpoint, these campaigns can subtly alter the perceptions and beliefs of the target audience. Over time, the repeated exposure to these biased or false narratives becomes a backdrop to the individual’s understanding of events, issues, or groups, often leading to misconceptions or unwarranted biases.

Psychological impact

The psychological impact of the wallpaper effect is profound. It can lead to a narrowing of perspective, where individuals become less open to new information or alternative viewpoints. This effect can foster polarized communities and hyper partisan politics, where dialogue and understanding between differing viewpoints become increasingly difficult.

Case studies and examples

Historically, authoritarian regimes have used the wallpaper effect to control public opinion and suppress dissent. By monopolizing the media landscape and continuously broadcasting their propaganda, these regimes effectively shaped the public’s perception of reality.

In contemporary times, this effect is also seen in democracies, where partisan news outlets or social media algorithms create a similar, though more fragmented, landscape of information bubbles.

Counteracting the wallpaper effect

Counteracting the wallpaper effect involves a multifaceted approach. Media literacy education is crucial, as it empowers individuals to critically analyze and understand the sources and content of information they consume.

Encouraging exposure to a wide range of viewpoints and promoting critical thinking skills are also essential strategies. Additionally, reforms in digital media algorithms to promote diverse viewpoints and reduce the creation of echo chambers can help mitigate this effect.

Implications for democracy and society

The wallpaper effect has significant implications for democracy and society. It can lead to a polarized public, where consensus and compromise become challenging to achieve. The narrowing of perspective and entrenchment of beliefs can undermine democratic discourse, leading to increased societal divisions and decreased trust in media and institutions.

The wallpaper effect is a critical phenomenon that shapes public opinion and belief systems. Its influence is subtle yet profound, as constant exposure to a specific set of ideas can subconsciously mold an individual’s worldview. Understanding and addressing this effect is essential in promoting a healthy, informed, and open society. Efforts to enhance media literacy, promote diverse viewpoints, and reform digital media practices are key to mitigating the wallpaper effect and fostering a more informed and less polarized public.

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